Deep Visual Template-Free Form Parsing
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Abstract (arXiv)
Automatic, template-free extraction of information from form images is challenging due to the variety of form layouts. This is even more challenging for historical forms due to noise and degradation. A crucial part of the extraction process is associating input text with pre-printed labels. We present a learned, template-free solution to detecting pre-printed text and input text/handwriting and predicting pair-wise relationships between them. While previous approaches to this problem have been focused on clean images and clear layouts, we show our approach is effective in the domain of noisy, degraded, and varied form images. We introduce a new dataset of historical form images (late 1800s, early 1900s) for training and validating our approach. Our method uses a convolutional network to detect pre-printed text and input text lines. We pool features from the detection network to classify possible relationships in a language-agnostic way. We show that our proposed pairing method outperforms heuristic rules and that visual features are critical to obtaining high accuracy.
Key facts. Cited by 24 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 5 Sep 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 3; 2023: 3; 2024: 10; 2025: 3.
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- 2021OCR-free Document Understanding Transformercited by 400
- 2021DocFormer: End-to-End Transformer for Document Understandingcited by 254
- 2022End-to-end Document Recognition and Understanding with Dessurtcited by 73
- 2022FormNet: Structural Encoding beyond Sequential Modeling in Form Document Information Extractioncited by 64
- 2023DocILE Benchmark for Document Information Localization and Extractioncited by 58
- 2025SlowFast-LLaVA-1.5: A Family of Token-Efficient Video Large Language Models for Long-Form Video Understandingcited by 30
- 2024PVC: Progressive Visual Token Compression for Unified Image and Video Processing in Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 25
- 2021ROPE: Reading Order Equivariant Positional Encoding for Graph-based Document Information Extractioncited by 22
- 2022Doc2Graph: a Task Agnostic Document Understanding Framework based on Graph Neural Networkscited by 17
- 2021Post-OCR Paragraph Recognition by Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 16
- 2021Visual FUDGE: Form Understanding via Dynamic Graph Editingcited by 15
- 2024HoVLE: Unleashing the Power of Monolithic Vision-Language Models with Holistic Vision-Language Embeddingcited by 10
12 more
- 2023A Question-Answering Approach to Key Value Pair Extraction from Form-like Document Imagescited by 9
- 2024BuDDIE: A Business Document Dataset for Multi-task Information Extractioncited by 8
- 2024Transformers and Language Models in Form Understanding: A Comprehensive Review of Scanned Document Analysiscited by 6
- 2024Let's Fuse Step by Step: A Generative Fusion Decoding Algorithm with LLMs for Robust and Instruction-Aware ASR and OCRcited by 4
- 2025CoMemo: LVLMs Need Image Context with Image Memorycited by 4
- 2024TreeForm: End-to-end Annotation and Evaluation for Form Document Parsingcited by 3
- 2024GeoContrastNet: Contrastive Key-Value Edge Learning for Language-Agnostic Document Understandingcited by 3
- 2025CommonForms: A Large, Diverse Dataset for Form Field Detectioncited by 3
- 2023Language Independent Neuro-Symbolic Semantic Parsing for Form Understandingcited by 1
- 2024DELINE8K: A Synthetic Data Pipeline for the Semantic Segmentation of Historical Documentscited by 1
- 2024Flowmind2Digital: The First Comprehensive Flowmind Recognition and Conversion Approachcited by 0
- 2024Noise-Aware Training of Layout-Aware Language Modelscited by 0
- 2025CommonForms: A Large, Diverse Dataset for Form Field Detection20 Sep 2025
- 2025CoMemo: LVLMs Need Image Context with Image Memory6 Jun 2025
- 2025SlowFast-LLaVA-1.5: A Family of Token-Efficient Video Large Language Models for Long-Form Video Understanding24 Mar 2025
- 2024HoVLE: Unleashing the Power of Monolithic Vision-Language Models with Holistic Vision-Language Embedding20 Dec 2024
- 2024PVC: Progressive Visual Token Compression for Unified Image and Video Processing in Large Vision-Language Models12 Dec 2024
- 2024Let's Fuse Step by Step: A Generative Fusion Decoding Algorithm with LLMs for Robust and Instruction-Aware ASR and OCR23 May 2024
- 2024GeoContrastNet: Contrastive Key-Value Edge Learning for Language-Agnostic Document Understanding6 May 2024
- 2024DELINE8K: A Synthetic Data Pipeline for the Semantic Segmentation of Historical Documents30 Apr 2024
- 2024BuDDIE: A Business Document Dataset for Multi-task Information Extraction5 Apr 2024
- 2024Noise-Aware Training of Layout-Aware Language Models30 Mar 2024
- 2024Transformers and Language Models in Form Understanding: A Comprehensive Review of Scanned Document Analysis6 Mar 2024
- 2024TreeForm: End-to-end Annotation and Evaluation for Form Document Parsing7 Feb 2024
12 more
- 2024Flowmind2Digital: The First Comprehensive Flowmind Recognition and Conversion Approach8 Jan 2024
- 2023Language Independent Neuro-Symbolic Semantic Parsing for Form Understanding8 May 2023
- 2023A Question-Answering Approach to Key Value Pair Extraction from Form-like Document Images17 Apr 2023
- 2023DocILE Benchmark for Document Information Localization and Extraction11 Feb 2023
- 2022Doc2Graph: a Task Agnostic Document Understanding Framework based on Graph Neural Networks23 Aug 2022
- 2022End-to-end Document Recognition and Understanding with Dessurt30 Mar 2022
- 2022FormNet: Structural Encoding beyond Sequential Modeling in Form Document Information Extraction16 Mar 2022
- 2021OCR-free Document Understanding Transformer30 Nov 2021
- 2021DocFormer: End-to-End Transformer for Document Understanding22 Jun 2021
- 2021ROPE: Reading Order Equivariant Positional Encoding for Graph-based Document Information Extraction21 Jun 2021
- 2021Visual FUDGE: Form Understanding via Dynamic Graph Editing17 May 2021
- 2021Post-OCR Paragraph Recognition by Graph Convolutional Networks29 Jan 2021
- 2024PVC: Progressive Visual Token Compression for Unified Image and Video Processing in Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 25
- 2024HoVLE: Unleashing the Power of Monolithic Vision-Language Models with Holistic Vision-Language Embeddingcited by 10
- 2025CoMemo: LVLMs Need Image Context with Image Memorycited by 4
- 2025CoMemo: LVLMs Need Image Context with Image Memory6 Jun 2025
- 2024HoVLE: Unleashing the Power of Monolithic Vision-Language Models with Holistic Vision-Language Embedding20 Dec 2024
- 2024PVC: Progressive Visual Token Compression for Unified Image and Video Processing in Large Vision-Language Models12 Dec 2024
- 2021OCR-free Document Understanding Transformercited by 400
- 2021DocFormer: End-to-End Transformer for Document Understandingcited by 254
- 2022End-to-end Document Recognition and Understanding with Dessurtcited by 73
- 2022FormNet: Structural Encoding beyond Sequential Modeling in Form Document Information Extractioncited by 64
- 2023DocILE Benchmark for Document Information Localization and Extractioncited by 58
- 2025SlowFast-LLaVA-1.5: A Family of Token-Efficient Video Large Language Models for Long-Form Video Understandingcited by 30
- 2021ROPE: Reading Order Equivariant Positional Encoding for Graph-based Document Information Extractioncited by 22
- 2022Doc2Graph: a Task Agnostic Document Understanding Framework based on Graph Neural Networkscited by 17
- 2021Post-OCR Paragraph Recognition by Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 16
- 2021Visual FUDGE: Form Understanding via Dynamic Graph Editingcited by 15
- 2023A Question-Answering Approach to Key Value Pair Extraction from Form-like Document Imagescited by 9
- 2024BuDDIE: A Business Document Dataset for Multi-task Information Extractioncited by 8
12 most cited of 21 All 21 (JSON)
- 2025CommonForms: A Large, Diverse Dataset for Form Field Detection20 Sep 2025
- 2025SlowFast-LLaVA-1.5: A Family of Token-Efficient Video Large Language Models for Long-Form Video Understanding24 Mar 2025
- 2024Let's Fuse Step by Step: A Generative Fusion Decoding Algorithm with LLMs for Robust and Instruction-Aware ASR and OCR23 May 2024
- 2024GeoContrastNet: Contrastive Key-Value Edge Learning for Language-Agnostic Document Understanding6 May 2024
- 2024DELINE8K: A Synthetic Data Pipeline for the Semantic Segmentation of Historical Documents30 Apr 2024
- 2024BuDDIE: A Business Document Dataset for Multi-task Information Extraction5 Apr 2024
- 2024Noise-Aware Training of Layout-Aware Language Models30 Mar 2024
- 2024Transformers and Language Models in Form Understanding: A Comprehensive Review of Scanned Document Analysis6 Mar 2024
- 2024TreeForm: End-to-end Annotation and Evaluation for Form Document Parsing7 Feb 2024
- 2024Flowmind2Digital: The First Comprehensive Flowmind Recognition and Conversion Approach8 Jan 2024
- 2023Language Independent Neuro-Symbolic Semantic Parsing for Form Understanding8 May 2023
- 2023A Question-Answering Approach to Key Value Pair Extraction from Form-like Document Images17 Apr 2023
12 newest of 21 All 21 (JSON)