Decentralized & Collaborative AI on Blockchain
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Abstract (arXiv)
Machine learning has recently enabled large advances in artificial intelligence, but these tend to be highly centralized. The large datasets required are generally proprietary; predictions are often sold on a per-query basis; and published models can quickly become out of date without effort to acquire more data and re-train them. We propose a framework for participants to collaboratively build a dataset and use smart contracts to host a continuously updated model. This model will be shared publicly on a blockchain where it can be free to use for inference. Ideal learning problems include scenarios where a model is used many times for similar input such as personal assistants, playing games, recommender systems, etc. In order to maintain the model's accuracy with respect to some test set we propose both financial and non-financial (gamified) incentive structures for providing good data. A free and open source implementation for the Ethereum blockchain is provided at https://github.com/microsoft/0xDeCA10B.
Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 16 Jul 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 8; 2023: 3; 2024: 4; 2025: 3.
21 papers.
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- 2021Blockchain-based Recommender Systems: Applications, Challenges and Future Opportunitiescited by 11
- 2022BEAS: Blockchain Enabled Asynchronous & Secure Federated Machine Learningcited by 7
- 2023DECORAIT -- DECentralized Opt-in/out Registry for AI Trainingcited by 7
- 2022Survey on the Convergence of Machine Learning and Blockchaincited by 4
- 2025PQS-BFL: A Post-Quantum Secure Blockchain-based Federated Learning Frameworkcited by 4
- 2021A Decentralized Approach towards Responsible AI in Social Ecosystemscited by 3
- 2025Blockchain-based Framework for Scalable and Incentivized Federated Learningcited by 3
- 2021DID-eFed: Facilitating Federated Learning as a Service with Decentralized Identitiescited by 2
- 2022DeFL: Decentralized Weight Aggregation for Cross-silo Federated Learningcited by 2
- 2023The Design Principle of Blockchain: An Initiative for the SoK of SoKscited by 2
- 2024A Review on Building Blocks of Decentralized Artificial Intelligencecited by 2
- 2024ML2SC: Deploying Machine Learning Models as Smart Contracts on the Blockchaincited by 2
9 more
- 2024Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence: Synergies and Conflictscited by 2
- 2024Blockchain Meets LLMs: A Living Survey on Bidirectional Integrationcited by 2
- 2022Long-term Data Sharing under Exclusivity Attackscited by 1
- 2022An Investigation of Smart Contract for Collaborative Machine Learning Model Trainingcited by 1
- 2025Generation of Optimized Solidity Code for Machine Learning Models using LLMscited by 1
- 2022Blockchain as an Enabler for Transfer Learning in Smart Environmentscited by 0
- 2022Leveraging Centric Data Federated Learning Using Blockchain For Integrity Assurancecited by 0
- 2022APPFLChain: A Privacy Protection Distributed Artificial-Intelligence Architecture Based on Federated Learning and Consortium Blockchaincited by 0
- 2023PredictChain: Empowering Collaboration and Data Accessibility for AI in a Decentralized Blockchain-based Marketplacecited by 0
- 2025PQS-BFL: A Post-Quantum Secure Blockchain-based Federated Learning Framework3 May 2025
- 2025Generation of Optimized Solidity Code for Machine Learning Models using LLMs8 Mar 2025
- 2025Blockchain-based Framework for Scalable and Incentivized Federated Learning20 Feb 2025
- 2024Blockchain Meets LLMs: A Living Survey on Bidirectional Integration25 Nov 2024
- 2024Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence: Synergies and Conflicts22 May 2024
- 2024ML2SC: Deploying Machine Learning Models as Smart Contracts on the Blockchain28 Mar 2024
- 2024A Review on Building Blocks of Decentralized Artificial Intelligence5 Feb 2024
- 2023DECORAIT -- DECentralized Opt-in/out Registry for AI Training25 Sep 2023
- 2023PredictChain: Empowering Collaboration and Data Accessibility for AI in a Decentralized Blockchain-based Marketplace27 Jul 2023
- 2023The Design Principle of Blockchain: An Initiative for the SoK of SoKs1 Jan 2023
- 2022An Investigation of Smart Contract for Collaborative Machine Learning Model Training12 Sep 2022
- 2022DeFL: Decentralized Weight Aggregation for Cross-silo Federated Learning1 Aug 2022
9 more
- 2022APPFLChain: A Privacy Protection Distributed Artificial-Intelligence Architecture Based on Federated Learning and Consortium Blockchain26 Jun 2022
- 2022Leveraging Centric Data Federated Learning Using Blockchain For Integrity Assurance9 Jun 2022
- 2022Blockchain as an Enabler for Transfer Learning in Smart Environments8 Apr 2022
- 2022BEAS: Blockchain Enabled Asynchronous & Secure Federated Machine Learning6 Feb 2022
- 2022Long-term Data Sharing under Exclusivity Attacks22 Jan 2022
- 2022Survey on the Convergence of Machine Learning and Blockchain4 Jan 2022
- 2021Blockchain-based Recommender Systems: Applications, Challenges and Future Opportunities22 Nov 2021
- 2021DID-eFed: Facilitating Federated Learning as a Service with Decentralized Identities18 May 2021
- 2021A Decentralized Approach towards Responsible AI in Social Ecosystems12 Feb 2021
- 2021Blockchain-based Recommender Systems: Applications, Challenges and Future Opportunitiescited by 11
- 2022BEAS: Blockchain Enabled Asynchronous & Secure Federated Machine Learningcited by 7
- 2023DECORAIT -- DECentralized Opt-in/out Registry for AI Trainingcited by 7
- 2022Survey on the Convergence of Machine Learning and Blockchaincited by 4
- 2025PQS-BFL: A Post-Quantum Secure Blockchain-based Federated Learning Frameworkcited by 4
- 2021A Decentralized Approach towards Responsible AI in Social Ecosystemscited by 3
- 2025Blockchain-based Framework for Scalable and Incentivized Federated Learningcited by 3
- 2021DID-eFed: Facilitating Federated Learning as a Service with Decentralized Identitiescited by 2
- 2022DeFL: Decentralized Weight Aggregation for Cross-silo Federated Learningcited by 2
- 2023The Design Principle of Blockchain: An Initiative for the SoK of SoKscited by 2
- 2024A Review on Building Blocks of Decentralized Artificial Intelligencecited by 2
- 2024ML2SC: Deploying Machine Learning Models as Smart Contracts on the Blockchaincited by 2
12 most cited of 21 All 21 (JSON)
- 2025PQS-BFL: A Post-Quantum Secure Blockchain-based Federated Learning Framework3 May 2025
- 2025Generation of Optimized Solidity Code for Machine Learning Models using LLMs8 Mar 2025
- 2025Blockchain-based Framework for Scalable and Incentivized Federated Learning20 Feb 2025
- 2024Blockchain Meets LLMs: A Living Survey on Bidirectional Integration25 Nov 2024
- 2024Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence: Synergies and Conflicts22 May 2024
- 2024ML2SC: Deploying Machine Learning Models as Smart Contracts on the Blockchain28 Mar 2024
- 2024A Review on Building Blocks of Decentralized Artificial Intelligence5 Feb 2024
- 2023DECORAIT -- DECentralized Opt-in/out Registry for AI Training25 Sep 2023
- 2023PredictChain: Empowering Collaboration and Data Accessibility for AI in a Decentralized Blockchain-based Marketplace27 Jul 2023
- 2023The Design Principle of Blockchain: An Initiative for the SoK of SoKs1 Jan 2023
- 2022An Investigation of Smart Contract for Collaborative Machine Learning Model Training12 Sep 2022
- 2022DeFL: Decentralized Weight Aggregation for Cross-silo Federated Learning1 Aug 2022
12 newest of 21 All 21 (JSON)