mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Knowledge Amalgamation from Heterogeneous Networks by Common Feature Learning

arXiv 1906.10546 ↗First posted 24 Jun 2019cs.LG cs.CV stat.MLcited by 28

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Abstract (arXiv)

An increasing number of well-trained deep networks have been released online by researchers and developers, enabling the community to reuse them in a plug-and-play way without accessing the training annotations. However, due to the large number of network variants, such public-available trained models are often of different architectures, each of which being tailored for a specific task or dataset. In this paper, we study a deep-model reusing task, where we are given as input pre-trained networks of heterogeneous architectures specializing in distinct tasks, as teacher models. We aim to learn a multitalented and light-weight student model that is able to grasp the integrated knowledge from all such heterogeneous-structure teachers, again without accessing any human annotation. To this end, we propose a common feature learning scheme, in which the features of all teachers are transformed into a common space and the student is enforced to imitate them all so as to amalgamate the intact knowledge. We test the proposed approach on a list of benchmarks and demonstrate that the learned student is able to achieve very promising performance, superior to those of the teachers in their specialized tasks.

Key facts. Cited by 28 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 24 Jun 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 6; 2023: 5; 2024: 8; 2025: 6; 2026: 1.

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  1. 2023One-for-All: Bridge the Gap Between Heterogeneous Architectures in Knowledge Distillationcited by 77
  2. 2022Factorizing Knowledge in Neural Networkscited by 59
  3. 2024Training-Free Pretrained Model Mergingcited by 32
  4. 2023Categories of Response-Based, Feature-Based, and Relation-Based Knowledge Distillationcited by 19
  5. 2023Fantastic Gains and Where to Find Them: On the Existence and Prospect of General Knowledge Transfer between Any Pretrained Modelcited by 19
  6. 2022Class-Incremental Learning via Knowledge Amalgamationcited by 9
  7. 2023Contrastive Knowledge Amalgamation for Unsupervised Image Classificationcited by 6
  8. 2024Swiss Army Knife: Synergizing Biases in Knowledge from Vision Foundation Models for Multi-Task Learningcited by 6
  9. 2022Knowledge Amalgamation for Object Detection with Transformerscited by 5
  10. 2024Aligning in a Compact Space: Contrastive Knowledge Distillation between Heterogeneous Architecturescited by 5
  11. 2024Cross-Architecture Auxiliary Feature Space Translation for Efficient Few-Shot Personalized Object Detectioncited by 5
  12. 2024Training-free Heterogeneous Model Mergingcited by 5
16 more
  1. 2025HAWAII: Hierarchical Visual Knowledge Transfer for Efficient Vision-Language Modelscited by 4
  2. 2021Towards Communication-Efficient and Privacy-Preserving Federated Representation Learningcited by 3
  3. 2021Model Uncertainty-Aware Knowledge Amalgamation for Pre-Trained Language Modelscited by 2
  4. 2023Multi-Task Structural Learning using Local Task Similarity induced Neuron Creation and Removalcited by 2
  5. 2025MOCHA: Multi-modal Objects-aware Cross-arcHitecture Alignmentcited by 2
  6. 2022Optimizer Amalgamationcited by 1
  7. 2022Federated Selective Aggregation for Knowledge Amalgamationcited by 1
  8. 2022From Mimicking to Integrating: Knowledge Integration for Pre-Trained Language Modelscited by 1
  9. 2024Knowledge Distillation on Spatial-Temporal Graph Convolutional Network for Traffic Predictioncited by 1
  10. 2024Self-Regulated Data-Free Knowledge Amalgamation for Text Classificationcited by 1
  11. 2024Anno-incomplete Multi-dataset Detectioncited by 0
  12. 2025DisTaC: Conditioning Task Vectors via Distillation for Robust Model Mergingcited by 0
  13. 2025Transferring Social Network Knowledge from Multiple GNN Teachers to Kolmogorov-Arnold Networkscited by 0
  14. 2025UNIFORM: Unifying Knowledge from Large-scale and Diverse Pre-trained Modelscited by 0
  15. 2025Simplifying Knowledge Transfer in Pretrained Modelscited by 0
  16. 2026Distillation for Efficient Multitask Manipulation Policies via Conditional Flow Matchingcited by 0