Generative Adversarial Networks are Special Cases of Artificial Curiosity (1990) and also Closely Related to Predictability Minimization (1991)
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Abstract (arXiv)
I review unsupervised or self-supervised neural networks playing minimax games in game-theoretic settings: (i) Artificial Curiosity (AC, 1990) is based on two such networks. One network learns to generate a probability distribution over outputs, the other learns to predict effects of the outputs. Each network minimizes the objective function maximized by the other. (ii) Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs, 2010-2014) are an application of AC where the effect of an output is 1 if the output is in a given set, and 0 otherwise. (iii) Predictability Minimization (PM, 1990s) models data distributions through a neural encoder that maximizes the objective function minimized by a neural predictor of the code components. I correct a previously published claim that PM is not based on a minimax game.
Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 11 Jun 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 5; 2023: 6; 2024: 2; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.
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- 2024Fast High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Adversarial Diffusion Distillationcited by 276
- 2021Deep Generative Modelling: A Comparative Review of VAEs, GANs, Normalizing Flows, Energy-Based and Autoregressive Modelscited by 251
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Deep Transfer Learning for Anomaly Detection in Industrial Time Series: Methods, Applications, and Directionscited by 22
- 2021Quaternion Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 17
- 2022Images as Weight Matrices: Sequential Image Generation Through Synaptic Learning Rulescited by 9
- 2023Score Mismatching for Generative Modelingcited by 7
- 2023From paintbrush to pixel: A review of deep neural networks in AI-generated artcited by 5
- 2022Combating Mode Collapse in GANs via Manifold Entropy Estimationcited by 4
- 2022High-dimensional density estimation with tensorizing flowcited by 4
- 2022Learning One Abstract Bit at a Time Through Self-Invented Experiments Encoded as Neural Networkscited by 4
- 2022PrepNet: A Convolutional Auto-Encoder to Homogenize CT Scans for Cross-Dataset Medical Image Analysiscited by 3
- 2023Dynamically Masked Discriminator for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 2
5 more
- 2024Lazy Layers to Make Fine-Tuned Diffusion Models More Traceablecited by 2
- 2023Improving GAN Training via Feature Space Shrinkagecited by 1
- 2023CausalAPM: Generalizable Literal Disentanglement for NLU Debiasingcited by 0
- 2025The Built-In Robustness of Decentralized Federated Averaging to Bad Datacited by 0
- 2026Synthetic but Not Realistic: The Evaluation Challenge in Generative Modelling for Structured Electronic Medical Recordscited by 0
- 2026Synthetic but Not Realistic: The Evaluation Challenge in Generative Modelling for Structured Electronic Medical Records8 Jun 2026
- 2025The Built-In Robustness of Decentralized Federated Averaging to Bad Data25 Feb 2025
- 2024Lazy Layers to Make Fine-Tuned Diffusion Models More Traceable1 May 2024
- 2024Fast High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Adversarial Diffusion Distillation18 Mar 2024
- 2023Score Mismatching for Generative Modeling20 Sep 2023
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Deep Transfer Learning for Anomaly Detection in Industrial Time Series: Methods, Applications, and Directions11 Jul 2023
- 2023Dynamically Masked Discriminator for Generative Adversarial Networks13 Jun 2023
- 2023CausalAPM: Generalizable Literal Disentanglement for NLU Debiasing4 May 2023
- 2023Improving GAN Training via Feature Space Shrinkage2 Mar 2023
- 2023From paintbrush to pixel: A review of deep neural networks in AI-generated art14 Feb 2023
- 2022Learning One Abstract Bit at a Time Through Self-Invented Experiments Encoded as Neural Networks29 Dec 2022
- 2022High-dimensional density estimation with tensorizing flow1 Dec 2022
5 more
- 2022Images as Weight Matrices: Sequential Image Generation Through Synaptic Learning Rules7 Oct 2022
- 2022Combating Mode Collapse in GANs via Manifold Entropy Estimation25 Aug 2022
- 2022PrepNet: A Convolutional Auto-Encoder to Homogenize CT Scans for Cross-Dataset Medical Image Analysis19 Aug 2022
- 2021Quaternion Generative Adversarial Networks19 Apr 2021
- 2021Deep Generative Modelling: A Comparative Review of VAEs, GANs, Normalizing Flows, Energy-Based and Autoregressive Models8 Mar 2021
- 2024Fast High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Adversarial Diffusion Distillationcited by 276
- 2023Score Mismatching for Generative Modelingcited by 7
- 2023From paintbrush to pixel: A review of deep neural networks in AI-generated artcited by 5
- 2024Lazy Layers to Make Fine-Tuned Diffusion Models More Traceablecited by 2
- 2024Lazy Layers to Make Fine-Tuned Diffusion Models More Traceable1 May 2024
- 2024Fast High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Adversarial Diffusion Distillation18 Mar 2024
- 2023Score Mismatching for Generative Modeling20 Sep 2023
- 2023From paintbrush to pixel: A review of deep neural networks in AI-generated art14 Feb 2023
- 2021Deep Generative Modelling: A Comparative Review of VAEs, GANs, Normalizing Flows, Energy-Based and Autoregressive Modelscited by 251
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Deep Transfer Learning for Anomaly Detection in Industrial Time Series: Methods, Applications, and Directionscited by 22
- 2021Quaternion Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 17
- 2022Images as Weight Matrices: Sequential Image Generation Through Synaptic Learning Rulescited by 9
- 2022Combating Mode Collapse in GANs via Manifold Entropy Estimationcited by 4
- 2022High-dimensional density estimation with tensorizing flowcited by 4
- 2022Learning One Abstract Bit at a Time Through Self-Invented Experiments Encoded as Neural Networkscited by 4
- 2022PrepNet: A Convolutional Auto-Encoder to Homogenize CT Scans for Cross-Dataset Medical Image Analysiscited by 3
- 2023Dynamically Masked Discriminator for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 2
- 2023Improving GAN Training via Feature Space Shrinkagecited by 1
- 2023CausalAPM: Generalizable Literal Disentanglement for NLU Debiasingcited by 0
- 2025The Built-In Robustness of Decentralized Federated Averaging to Bad Datacited by 0
12 most cited of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2026Synthetic but Not Realistic: The Evaluation Challenge in Generative Modelling for Structured Electronic Medical Records8 Jun 2026
- 2025The Built-In Robustness of Decentralized Federated Averaging to Bad Data25 Feb 2025
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Deep Transfer Learning for Anomaly Detection in Industrial Time Series: Methods, Applications, and Directions11 Jul 2023
- 2023Dynamically Masked Discriminator for Generative Adversarial Networks13 Jun 2023
- 2023CausalAPM: Generalizable Literal Disentanglement for NLU Debiasing4 May 2023
- 2023Improving GAN Training via Feature Space Shrinkage2 Mar 2023
- 2022Learning One Abstract Bit at a Time Through Self-Invented Experiments Encoded as Neural Networks29 Dec 2022
- 2022High-dimensional density estimation with tensorizing flow1 Dec 2022
- 2022Images as Weight Matrices: Sequential Image Generation Through Synaptic Learning Rules7 Oct 2022
- 2022Combating Mode Collapse in GANs via Manifold Entropy Estimation25 Aug 2022
- 2022PrepNet: A Convolutional Auto-Encoder to Homogenize CT Scans for Cross-Dataset Medical Image Analysis19 Aug 2022
- 2021Quaternion Generative Adversarial Networks19 Apr 2021
12 newest of 13 All 13 (JSON)