Snooping Attacks on Deep Reinforcement Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Adversarial attacks have exposed a significant security vulnerability in state-of-the-art machine learning models. Among these models include deep reinforcement learning agents. The existing methods for attacking reinforcement learning agents assume the adversary either has access to the target agent's learned parameters or the environment that the agent interacts with. In this work, we propose a new class of threat models, called snooping threat models, that are unique to reinforcement learning. In these snooping threat models, the adversary does not have the ability to interact with the target agent's environment, and can only eavesdrop on the action and reward signals being exchanged between agent and environment. We show that adversaries operating in these highly constrained threat models can still launch devastating attacks against the target agent by training proxy models on related tasks and leveraging the transferability of adversarial examples.
Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 28 May 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 2; 2023: 3; 2024: 2; 2025: 5.
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- 2021Robust Reinforcement Learning on State Observations with Learned Optimal Adversarycited by 133
- 2021Who Is the Strongest Enemy? Towards Optimal and Efficient Evasion Attacks in Deep RLcited by 54
- 2021Understanding Adversarial Attacks on Observations in Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 13
- 2021Resilient Machine Learning for Networked Cyber Physical Systems: A Survey for Machine Learning Security to Securing Machine Learning for CPScited by 10
- 2021Real-time Adversarial Perturbations against Deep Reinforcement Learning Policies: Attacks and Defensescited by 9
- 2022Efficient Reward Poisoning Attacks on Online Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 9
- 2023Black-Box Targeted Reward Poisoning Attack Against Online Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 5
- 2024Towards Optimal Adversarial Robust Q-learning with Bellman Infinity-errorcited by 4
- 2023SoK: Adversarial Machine Learning Attacks and Defences in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
- 2022Security of Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 1
- 2023FLARE: Fingerprinting Deep Reinforcement Learning Agents using Universal Adversarial Maskscited by 1
- 2024A Novel Bifurcation Method for Observation Perturbation Attacks on Reinforcement Learning Agents: Load Altering Attacks on a Cyber Physical Power Systemcited by 0
5 more
- 2025L-Lipschitz Gershgorin ResNet Networkcited by 0
- 2025Constrained Black-Box Attacks Against Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2025Pruning Cannot Hurt Robustness: Certified Trade-offs in Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2025On the Tension Between Optimality and Adversarial Robustness in Policy Optimizationcited by 0
- 2025LDLT L-Lipschitz Network: Generalized Deep End-To-End Lipschitz Network Constructioncited by 0
- 2025LDLT L-Lipschitz Network: Generalized Deep End-To-End Lipschitz Network Construction5 Dec 2025
- 2025On the Tension Between Optimality and Adversarial Robustness in Policy Optimization1 Dec 2025
- 2025Pruning Cannot Hurt Robustness: Certified Trade-offs in Reinforcement Learning14 Oct 2025
- 2025Constrained Black-Box Attacks Against Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning12 Aug 2025
- 2025L-Lipschitz Gershgorin ResNet Network28 Feb 2025
- 2024A Novel Bifurcation Method for Observation Perturbation Attacks on Reinforcement Learning Agents: Load Altering Attacks on a Cyber Physical Power System6 Jul 2024
- 2024Towards Optimal Adversarial Robust Q-learning with Bellman Infinity-error3 Feb 2024
- 2023FLARE: Fingerprinting Deep Reinforcement Learning Agents using Universal Adversarial Masks27 Jul 2023
- 2023Black-Box Targeted Reward Poisoning Attack Against Online Deep Reinforcement Learning18 May 2023
- 2023SoK: Adversarial Machine Learning Attacks and Defences in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning11 Jan 2023
- 2022Security of Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving: A Survey12 Dec 2022
- 2022Efficient Reward Poisoning Attacks on Online Deep Reinforcement Learning30 May 2022
5 more
- 2021Understanding Adversarial Attacks on Observations in Deep Reinforcement Learning30 Jun 2021
- 2021Real-time Adversarial Perturbations against Deep Reinforcement Learning Policies: Attacks and Defenses16 Jun 2021
- 2021Who Is the Strongest Enemy? Towards Optimal and Efficient Evasion Attacks in Deep RL9 Jun 2021
- 2021Resilient Machine Learning for Networked Cyber Physical Systems: A Survey for Machine Learning Security to Securing Machine Learning for CPS14 Feb 2021
- 2021Robust Reinforcement Learning on State Observations with Learned Optimal Adversary21 Jan 2021
- 2021Robust Reinforcement Learning on State Observations with Learned Optimal Adversarycited by 133
- 2021Who Is the Strongest Enemy? Towards Optimal and Efficient Evasion Attacks in Deep RLcited by 54
- 2021Understanding Adversarial Attacks on Observations in Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 13
- 2021Resilient Machine Learning for Networked Cyber Physical Systems: A Survey for Machine Learning Security to Securing Machine Learning for CPScited by 10
- 2021Real-time Adversarial Perturbations against Deep Reinforcement Learning Policies: Attacks and Defensescited by 9
- 2022Efficient Reward Poisoning Attacks on Online Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 9
- 2023Black-Box Targeted Reward Poisoning Attack Against Online Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 5
- 2024Towards Optimal Adversarial Robust Q-learning with Bellman Infinity-errorcited by 4
- 2023SoK: Adversarial Machine Learning Attacks and Defences in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
- 2023FLARE: Fingerprinting Deep Reinforcement Learning Agents using Universal Adversarial Maskscited by 1
- 2024A Novel Bifurcation Method for Observation Perturbation Attacks on Reinforcement Learning Agents: Load Altering Attacks on a Cyber Physical Power Systemcited by 0
- 2025L-Lipschitz Gershgorin ResNet Networkcited by 0
12 most cited of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2025LDLT L-Lipschitz Network: Generalized Deep End-To-End Lipschitz Network Construction5 Dec 2025
- 2025On the Tension Between Optimality and Adversarial Robustness in Policy Optimization1 Dec 2025
- 2025Pruning Cannot Hurt Robustness: Certified Trade-offs in Reinforcement Learning14 Oct 2025
- 2025Constrained Black-Box Attacks Against Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning12 Aug 2025
- 2025L-Lipschitz Gershgorin ResNet Network28 Feb 2025
- 2024A Novel Bifurcation Method for Observation Perturbation Attacks on Reinforcement Learning Agents: Load Altering Attacks on a Cyber Physical Power System6 Jul 2024
- 2024Towards Optimal Adversarial Robust Q-learning with Bellman Infinity-error3 Feb 2024
- 2023FLARE: Fingerprinting Deep Reinforcement Learning Agents using Universal Adversarial Masks27 Jul 2023
- 2023Black-Box Targeted Reward Poisoning Attack Against Online Deep Reinforcement Learning18 May 2023
- 2023SoK: Adversarial Machine Learning Attacks and Defences in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning11 Jan 2023
- 2022Efficient Reward Poisoning Attacks on Online Deep Reinforcement Learning30 May 2022
- 2021Understanding Adversarial Attacks on Observations in Deep Reinforcement Learning30 Jun 2021
12 newest of 16 All 16 (JSON)