A Realistic Dataset and Baseline Temporal Model for Early Drowsiness Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
Drowsiness can put lives of many drivers and workers in danger. It is important to design practical and easy-to-deploy real-world systems to detect the onset of drowsiness.In this paper, we address early drowsiness detection, which can provide early alerts and offer subjects ample time to react. We present a large and public real-life dataset of 60 subjects, with video segments labeled as alert, low vigilant, or drowsy. This dataset consists of around 30 hours of video, with contents ranging from subtle signs of drowsiness to more obvious ones. We also benchmark a temporal model for our dataset, which has low computational and storage demands. The core of our proposed method is a Hierarchical Multiscale Long Short-Term Memory (HM-LSTM) network, that is fed by detected blink features in sequence. Our experiments demonstrate the relationship between the sequential blink features and drowsiness. In the experimental results, our baseline method produces higher accuracy than human judgment.
Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 15 Apr 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 3; 2023: 3; 2024: 3; 2025: 4; 2026: 2.
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- 2024Efficient Mixture-of-Expert for Video-based Driver State and Physiological Multi-task Estimation in Conditional Autonomous Drivingcited by 9
- 2022Vision Transformers and YoloV5 based Driver Drowsiness Detection Frameworkcited by 4
- 2024A Survey on Drowsiness Detection -- Modern Applications and Methodscited by 4
- 2021Mindless Attractor: A False-Positive Resistant Intervention for Drawing Attention Using Auditory Perturbationcited by 3
- 2023Real-time Multi-person Eyeblink Detection in the Wild for Untrimmed Videocited by 3
- 2024POPoS: Improving Efficient and Robust Facial Landmark Detection with Parallel Optimal Position Searchcited by 2
- 2026CogPortrait: Fine-Grained Eye-Region Control in Portrait Animation via Hierarchical Agent Planningcited by 2
- 2021Driver Drowsiness Detection Using Ensemble Convolutional Neural Networks on YawDDcited by 1
- 2023Multi-Attention Fusion Drowsy Driving Detection Modelcited by 1
- 2025UL-DD: A Multimodal Drowsiness Dataset Using Video, Biometric Signals, and Behavioral Datacited by 1
- 2021FedSup: A Communication-Efficient Federated Learning Fatigue Driving Behaviors Supervision Frameworkcited by 0
- 2021How Facial Features Convey Attention in Stationary Environmentscited by 0
7 more
- 2022In-vehicle alertness monitoring for older adultscited by 0
- 2022Embedded System Performance Analysis for Implementing a Portable Drowsiness Detection System for Driverscited by 0
- 2023Vision-based Analysis of Driver Activity and Driving Performance Under the Influence of Alcoholcited by 0
- 2025Privacy-Preserving Driver Drowsiness Detection with Spatial Self-Attention and Federated Learningcited by 0
- 2025Vision-Based Driver Drowsiness Monitoring: Comparative Analysis of YOLOv5-v11 Modelscited by 0
- 2025Blinking Beyond EAR: A Stable Eyelid Angle Metric for Driver Drowsiness Detection and Data Augmentationcited by 0
- 2026HST-HGN: Heterogeneous Spatial-Temporal Hypergraph Networks with Bidirectional State Space Models for Global Fatigue Assessmentcited by 0
- 2026CogPortrait: Fine-Grained Eye-Region Control in Portrait Animation via Hierarchical Agent Planning27 May 2026
- 2026HST-HGN: Heterogeneous Spatial-Temporal Hypergraph Networks with Bidirectional State Space Models for Global Fatigue Assessment9 Apr 2026
- 2025Blinking Beyond EAR: A Stable Eyelid Angle Metric for Driver Drowsiness Detection and Data Augmentation24 Nov 2025
- 2025Vision-Based Driver Drowsiness Monitoring: Comparative Analysis of YOLOv5-v11 Models22 Sep 2025
- 2025Privacy-Preserving Driver Drowsiness Detection with Spatial Self-Attention and Federated Learning1 Aug 2025
- 2025UL-DD: A Multimodal Drowsiness Dataset Using Video, Biometric Signals, and Behavioral Data16 Jul 2025
- 2024Efficient Mixture-of-Expert for Video-based Driver State and Physiological Multi-task Estimation in Conditional Autonomous Driving28 Oct 2024
- 2024POPoS: Improving Efficient and Robust Facial Landmark Detection with Parallel Optimal Position Search12 Oct 2024
- 2024A Survey on Drowsiness Detection -- Modern Applications and Methods23 Aug 2024
- 2023Multi-Attention Fusion Drowsy Driving Detection Model28 Dec 2023
- 2023Vision-based Analysis of Driver Activity and Driving Performance Under the Influence of Alcohol14 Sep 2023
- 2023Real-time Multi-person Eyeblink Detection in the Wild for Untrimmed Video28 Mar 2023
7 more
- 2022Embedded System Performance Analysis for Implementing a Portable Drowsiness Detection System for Drivers30 Sep 2022
- 2022Vision Transformers and YoloV5 based Driver Drowsiness Detection Framework3 Sep 2022
- 2022In-vehicle alertness monitoring for older adults17 Aug 2022
- 2021Driver Drowsiness Detection Using Ensemble Convolutional Neural Networks on YawDD20 Dec 2021
- 2021How Facial Features Convey Attention in Stationary Environments29 Nov 2021
- 2021FedSup: A Communication-Efficient Federated Learning Fatigue Driving Behaviors Supervision Framework25 Apr 2021
- 2021Mindless Attractor: A False-Positive Resistant Intervention for Drawing Attention Using Auditory Perturbation21 Jan 2021
- 2022Vision Transformers and YoloV5 based Driver Drowsiness Detection Frameworkcited by 4
- 2024A Survey on Drowsiness Detection -- Modern Applications and Methodscited by 4
- 2021Mindless Attractor: A False-Positive Resistant Intervention for Drawing Attention Using Auditory Perturbationcited by 3
- 2023Real-time Multi-person Eyeblink Detection in the Wild for Untrimmed Videocited by 3
- 2024POPoS: Improving Efficient and Robust Facial Landmark Detection with Parallel Optimal Position Searchcited by 2
- 2021Driver Drowsiness Detection Using Ensemble Convolutional Neural Networks on YawDDcited by 1
- 2023Multi-Attention Fusion Drowsy Driving Detection Modelcited by 1
- 2025UL-DD: A Multimodal Drowsiness Dataset Using Video, Biometric Signals, and Behavioral Datacited by 1
- 2021FedSup: A Communication-Efficient Federated Learning Fatigue Driving Behaviors Supervision Frameworkcited by 0
- 2021How Facial Features Convey Attention in Stationary Environmentscited by 0
- 2022In-vehicle alertness monitoring for older adultscited by 0
- 2022Embedded System Performance Analysis for Implementing a Portable Drowsiness Detection System for Driverscited by 0
12 most cited of 17 All 17 (JSON)
- 2026HST-HGN: Heterogeneous Spatial-Temporal Hypergraph Networks with Bidirectional State Space Models for Global Fatigue Assessment9 Apr 2026
- 2025Blinking Beyond EAR: A Stable Eyelid Angle Metric for Driver Drowsiness Detection and Data Augmentation24 Nov 2025
- 2025Vision-Based Driver Drowsiness Monitoring: Comparative Analysis of YOLOv5-v11 Models22 Sep 2025
- 2025Privacy-Preserving Driver Drowsiness Detection with Spatial Self-Attention and Federated Learning1 Aug 2025
- 2025UL-DD: A Multimodal Drowsiness Dataset Using Video, Biometric Signals, and Behavioral Data16 Jul 2025
- 2024POPoS: Improving Efficient and Robust Facial Landmark Detection with Parallel Optimal Position Search12 Oct 2024
- 2024A Survey on Drowsiness Detection -- Modern Applications and Methods23 Aug 2024
- 2023Multi-Attention Fusion Drowsy Driving Detection Model28 Dec 2023
- 2023Vision-based Analysis of Driver Activity and Driving Performance Under the Influence of Alcohol14 Sep 2023
- 2023Real-time Multi-person Eyeblink Detection in the Wild for Untrimmed Video28 Mar 2023
- 2022Embedded System Performance Analysis for Implementing a Portable Drowsiness Detection System for Drivers30 Sep 2022
- 2022Vision Transformers and YoloV5 based Driver Drowsiness Detection Framework3 Sep 2022
12 newest of 17 All 17 (JSON)