Let's Play Again: Variability of Deep Reinforcement Learning Agents in Atari Environments
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Abstract (arXiv)
Reproducibility in reinforcement learning is challenging: uncontrolled stochasticity from many sources, such as the learning algorithm, the learned policy, and the environment itself have led researchers to report the performance of learned agents using aggregate metrics of performance over multiple random seeds for a single environment. Unfortunately, there are still pernicious sources of variability in reinforcement learning agents that make reporting common summary statistics an unsound metric for performance. Our experiments demonstrate the variability of common agents used in the popular OpenAI Baselines repository. We make the case for reporting post-training agent performance as a distribution, rather than a point estimate.
Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 12 Apr 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 2; 2023: 1; 2024: 0; 2025: 2; 2026: 3.
10 papers.
- 2021Deep Reinforcement Learning at the Edge of the Statistical Precipicecited by 790
- 2021Is High Variance Unavoidable in RL? A Case Study in Continuous Controlcited by 26
- 2025Replicable Reinforcement Learning with Linear Function Approximationcited by 6
- 2022Deep Reinforcement Learning for Cryptocurrency Trading: Practical Approach to Address Backtest Overfittingcited by 5
- 2025RAPTOR: A Foundation Policy for Quadrotor Controlcited by 4
- 2026Performance Variation in Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 2
- 2026Behavior-Consistent Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2022Measuring Interventional Robustness in Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2023Plume: A Framework for High Performance Deep RL Network Controllers via Prioritized Trace Samplingcited by 0
- 2026Separating Decision Time from Decision Quality in the Real-Time Gap of Distilled Deciders: Evidence from a Game and a Conveyor Simulatorcited by 0
- 2026Separating Decision Time from Decision Quality in the Real-Time Gap of Distilled Deciders: Evidence from a Game and a Conveyor Simulator3 Oct 2026
- 2026Performance Variation in Deep Reinforcement Learning4 Jun 2026
- 2026Behavior-Consistent Deep Reinforcement Learning20 May 2026
- 2025RAPTOR: A Foundation Policy for Quadrotor Control15 Sep 2025
- 2025Replicable Reinforcement Learning with Linear Function Approximation10 Sep 2025
- 2023Plume: A Framework for High Performance Deep RL Network Controllers via Prioritized Trace Sampling24 Feb 2023
- 2022Measuring Interventional Robustness in Reinforcement Learning19 Sep 2022
- 2022Deep Reinforcement Learning for Cryptocurrency Trading: Practical Approach to Address Backtest Overfitting12 Sep 2022
- 2021Is High Variance Unavoidable in RL? A Case Study in Continuous Control21 Oct 2021
- 2021Deep Reinforcement Learning at the Edge of the Statistical Precipice30 Aug 2021