Frowning Frodo, Wincing Leia, and a Seriously Great Friendship: Learning to Classify Emotional Relationships of Fictional Characters
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Abstract (arXiv)
The development of a fictional plot is centered around characters who closely interact with each other forming dynamic social networks. In literature analysis, such networks have mostly been analyzed without particular relation types or focusing on roles which the characters take with respect to each other. We argue that an important aspect for the analysis of stories and their development is the emotion between characters. In this paper, we combine these aspects into a unified framework to classify emotional relationships of fictional characters. We formalize it as a new task and describe the annotation of a corpus, based on fan-fiction short stories. The extraction pipeline which we propose consists of character identification (which we treat as given by an oracle here) and the relation classification. For the latter, we provide results using several approaches previously proposed for relation identification with neural methods. The best result of 0.45 F1 is achieved with a GRU with character position indicators on the task of predicting undirected emotion relations in the associated social network graph.
Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 29 Mar 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 6; 2023: 5; 2024: 5; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
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- 2021"Let Your Characters Tell Their Story": A Dataset for Character-Centric Narrative Understandingcited by 48
- 2023Personality Understanding of Fictional Characters during Book Readingcited by 20
- 2023Multi-level Contrastive Learning for Script-based Character Understandingcited by 15
- 2022MBTI Personality Prediction for Fictional Characters Using Movie Scriptscited by 14
- 2024Large Language Models Fall Short: Understanding Complex Relationships in Detective Narrativescited by 14
- 2022Towards Inter-character Relationship-driven Story Generationcited by 11
- 2021SocAoG: Incremental Graph Parsing for Social Relation Inference in Dialoguescited by 9
- 2022Synopses of Movie Narratives: a Video-Language Dataset for Story Understandingcited by 8
- 2022x-enVENT: A Corpus of Event Descriptions with Experiencer-specific Emotion and Appraisal Annotationscited by 8
- 2023Where are We in Event-centric Emotion Analysis? Bridging Emotion Role Labeling and Appraisal-based Approachescited by 7
- 2023Detecting and Grounding Important Characters in Visual Storiescited by 6
- 2021Emotion Stimulus Detection in German News Headlinescited by 4
11 more
- 2025Classifying Unreliable Narrators with Large Language Modelscited by 4
- 2023Towards a Computational Analysis of Suspense: Detecting Dangerous Situationscited by 3
- 2024Evaluating Computational Representations of Character: An Austen Character Similarity Benchmarkcited by 3
- 2024BookWorm: A Dataset for Character Description and Analysiscited by 3
- 2024Multilingual Synopses of Movie Narratives: A Dataset for Vision-Language Story Understandingcited by 2
- 2025A City of Millions: Mapping Literary Social Networks At Scalecited by 2
- 2022Computational Storytelling and Emotions: A Surveycited by 1
- 2022Automatic Emotion Modelling in Written Storiescited by 1
- 2024Generating Visual Stories with Grounded and Coreferent Characterscited by 1
- 2025MARCUS: An Event-Centric NLP Pipeline that generates Character Arcs from Narrativescited by 0
- 2026CASPER in the Machine: Insights into Character Variety in LLM-Generated Storiescited by 0
- 2026CASPER in the Machine: Insights into Character Variety in LLM-Generated Stories21 Jun 2026
- 2025MARCUS: An Event-Centric NLP Pipeline that generates Character Arcs from Narratives21 Oct 2025
- 2025Classifying Unreliable Narrators with Large Language Models11 Jun 2025
- 2025A City of Millions: Mapping Literary Social Networks At Scale26 Feb 2025
- 2024BookWorm: A Dataset for Character Description and Analysis14 Oct 2024
- 2024Generating Visual Stories with Grounded and Coreferent Characters20 Sep 2024
- 2024Evaluating Computational Representations of Character: An Austen Character Similarity Benchmark28 Aug 2024
- 2024Multilingual Synopses of Movie Narratives: A Dataset for Vision-Language Story Understanding18 Jun 2024
- 2024Large Language Models Fall Short: Understanding Complex Relationships in Detective Narratives16 Feb 2024
- 2023Multi-level Contrastive Learning for Script-based Character Understanding20 Oct 2023
- 2023Where are We in Event-centric Emotion Analysis? Bridging Emotion Role Labeling and Appraisal-based Approaches5 Sep 2023
- 2023Personality Understanding of Fictional Characters during Book Reading17 May 2023
11 more
- 2023Towards a Computational Analysis of Suspense: Detecting Dangerous Situations11 May 2023
- 2023Detecting and Grounding Important Characters in Visual Stories30 Mar 2023
- 2022Automatic Emotion Modelling in Written Stories21 Dec 2022
- 2022Towards Inter-character Relationship-driven Story Generation1 Nov 2022
- 2022MBTI Personality Prediction for Fictional Characters Using Movie Scripts20 Oct 2022
- 2022Computational Storytelling and Emotions: A Survey23 May 2022
- 2022x-enVENT: A Corpus of Event Descriptions with Experiencer-specific Emotion and Appraisal Annotations21 Mar 2022
- 2022Synopses of Movie Narratives: a Video-Language Dataset for Story Understanding11 Mar 2022
- 2021"Let Your Characters Tell Their Story": A Dataset for Character-Centric Narrative Understanding12 Sep 2021
- 2021Emotion Stimulus Detection in German News Headlines27 Jul 2021
- 2021SocAoG: Incremental Graph Parsing for Social Relation Inference in Dialogues2 Jun 2021
- 2021"Let Your Characters Tell Their Story": A Dataset for Character-Centric Narrative Understandingcited by 48
- 2023Personality Understanding of Fictional Characters during Book Readingcited by 20
- 2023Multi-level Contrastive Learning for Script-based Character Understandingcited by 15
- 2022MBTI Personality Prediction for Fictional Characters Using Movie Scriptscited by 14
- 2024Large Language Models Fall Short: Understanding Complex Relationships in Detective Narrativescited by 14
- 2022Towards Inter-character Relationship-driven Story Generationcited by 11
- 2021SocAoG: Incremental Graph Parsing for Social Relation Inference in Dialoguescited by 9
- 2022Synopses of Movie Narratives: a Video-Language Dataset for Story Understandingcited by 8
- 2022x-enVENT: A Corpus of Event Descriptions with Experiencer-specific Emotion and Appraisal Annotationscited by 8
- 2023Where are We in Event-centric Emotion Analysis? Bridging Emotion Role Labeling and Appraisal-based Approachescited by 7
- 2023Detecting and Grounding Important Characters in Visual Storiescited by 6
- 2021Emotion Stimulus Detection in German News Headlinescited by 4
12 most cited of 23 All 23 (JSON)
- 2026CASPER in the Machine: Insights into Character Variety in LLM-Generated Stories21 Jun 2026
- 2025MARCUS: An Event-Centric NLP Pipeline that generates Character Arcs from Narratives21 Oct 2025
- 2025Classifying Unreliable Narrators with Large Language Models11 Jun 2025
- 2025A City of Millions: Mapping Literary Social Networks At Scale26 Feb 2025
- 2024BookWorm: A Dataset for Character Description and Analysis14 Oct 2024
- 2024Generating Visual Stories with Grounded and Coreferent Characters20 Sep 2024
- 2024Evaluating Computational Representations of Character: An Austen Character Similarity Benchmark28 Aug 2024
- 2024Multilingual Synopses of Movie Narratives: A Dataset for Vision-Language Story Understanding18 Jun 2024
- 2024Large Language Models Fall Short: Understanding Complex Relationships in Detective Narratives16 Feb 2024
- 2023Multi-level Contrastive Learning for Script-based Character Understanding20 Oct 2023
- 2023Where are We in Event-centric Emotion Analysis? Bridging Emotion Role Labeling and Appraisal-based Approaches5 Sep 2023
- 2023Personality Understanding of Fictional Characters during Book Reading17 May 2023
12 newest of 23 All 23 (JSON)