mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Detecting Overfitting of Deep Generative Networks via Latent Recovery

arXiv 1901.03396 ↗First posted 9 Jan 2019cs.LG stat.MLcited by 44

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Abstract (arXiv)

State of the art deep generative networks are capable of producing images with such incredible realism that they can be suspected of memorizing training images. It is why it is not uncommon to include visualizations of training set nearest neighbors, to suggest generated images are not simply memorized. We demonstrate this is not sufficient and motivates the need to study memorization/overfitting of deep generators with more scrutiny. This paper addresses this question by i) showing how simple losses are highly effective at reconstructing images for deep generators ii) analyzing the statistics of reconstruction errors when reconstructing training and validation images, which is the standard way to analyze overfitting in machine learning. Using this methodology, this paper shows that overfitting is not detectable in the pure GAN models proposed in the literature, in contrast with those using hybrid adversarial losses, which are amongst the most widely applied generative methods. The paper also shows that standard GAN evaluation metrics fail to capture memorization for some deep generators. Finally, the paper also shows how off-the-shelf GAN generators can be successfully applied to face inpainting and face super-resolution using the proposed reconstruction method, without hybrid adversarial losses.

Key facts. Cited by 44 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Jan 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 16; 2022: 9; 2023: 9; 2024: 8; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.

44 papers.

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  1. 2021Deduplicating Training Data Makes Language Models Bettercited by 705
  2. 2021Regularizing Generative Adversarial Networks under Limited Datacited by 105
  3. 2022Visual Prompt Tuning for Generative Transfer Learningcited by 75
  4. 2023Membership Inference Attacks against Synthetic Data through Overfitting Detectioncited by 66
  5. 2021On Memorization in Probabilistic Deep Generative Modelscited by 60
  6. 2021Labels4Free: Unsupervised Segmentation using StyleGANcited by 53
  7. 2021Deceive D: Adaptive Pseudo Augmentation for GAN Training with Limited Datacited by 53
  8. 2021Robin Hood and Matthew Effects: Differential Privacy Has Disparate Impact on Synthetic Datacited by 48
  9. 2022When do GANs replicate? On the choice of dataset sizecited by 34
  10. 2021This Person (Probably) Exists. Identity Membership Attacks Against GAN Generated Facescited by 25
  11. 2023Feature Likelihood Divergence: Evaluating the Generalization of Generative Models Using Samplescited by 25
  12. 2023Exploring Incompatible Knowledge Transfer in Few-shot Image Generationcited by 19
32 more
  1. 2022On the Privacy Properties of GAN-generated Samplescited by 16
  2. 2023KD-DLGAN: Data Limited Image Generation via Knowledge Distillationcited by 16
  3. 2021GenCo: Generative Co-training for Generative Adversarial Networks with Limited Datacited by 14
  4. 2021Manifold Learning Benefits GANscited by 14
  5. 2023The Inadequacy of Similarity-based Privacy Metrics: Privacy Attacks against "Truly Anonymous" Synthetic Datasetscited by 14
  6. 2023Graphical vs. Deep Generative Models: Measuring the Impact of Differentially Private Mechanisms and Budgets on Utilitycited by 13
  7. 2023RGI: robust GAN-inversion for mask-free image inpainting and unsupervised pixel-wise anomaly detectioncited by 12
  8. 2022medXGAN: Visual Explanations for Medical Classifiers through a Generative Latent Spacecited by 10
  9. 2023A Multi-Modal Contrastive Diffusion Model for Therapeutic Peptide Generationcited by 10
  10. 2024ZeroDiff: Solidified Visual-Semantic Correlation in Zero-Shot Learningcited by 10
  11. 2022Generalization Metrics for Practical Quantum Advantage in Generative Modelscited by 8
  12. 2022DigGAN: Discriminator gradIent Gap Regularization for GAN Training with Limited Datacited by 7
  13. 2021DP-SGD vs PATE: Which Has Less Disparate Impact on GANs?cited by 6
  14. 2021On Predicting Generalization using GANscited by 6
  15. 2022Haven't I Seen You Before? Assessing Identity Leakage in Synthetic Irisescited by 6
  16. 2024An Inversion-based Measure of Memorization for Diffusion Modelscited by 6
  17. 2024Domain adaptation in small-scale and heterogeneous biological datasetscited by 5
  18. 2022Reducing Training Sample Memorization in GANs by Training with Memorization Rejectioncited by 4
  19. 2021Black-Box Diagnosis and Calibration on GAN Intra-Mode Collapse: A Pilot Studycited by 3
  20. 2021Learning who is in the market from time series: market participant discovery through adversarial calibration of multi-agent simulatorscited by 3
  21. 2021Compositional Fine-Grained Low-Shot Learningcited by 1
  22. 2021Multi-Faceted Hierarchical Multi-Task Learning for a Large Number of Tasks with Multi-dimensional Relationscited by 1
  23. 2022Teacher Guided Training: An Efficient Framework for Knowledge Transfercited by 1
  24. 2023On the causality-preservation capabilities of generative modellingcited by 1
  25. 2024Privacy Re-identification Attacks on Tabular GANscited by 1
  26. 2024MS3D: A RG Flow-Based Regularization for GAN Training with Limited Datacited by 1
  27. 2024Medical Imaging Complexity and its Effects on GAN Performancecited by 1
  28. 2026Rethinking Anonymity Claims in Synthetic Data Generation: A Model-Centric Privacy Attack Perspectivecited by 1
  29. 2021Learning Spatially-Adaptive Squeeze-Excitation Networks for Image Synthesis and Image Recognitioncited by 0
  30. 2024Intriguing Properties of Modern GANscited by 0
  31. 2024GeFL: Model-Agnostic Federated Learning with Generative Modelscited by 0
  32. 2025Style Quantization for Data-Efficient GAN Trainingcited by 0