Accurate, Data-Efficient, Unconstrained Text Recognition with Convolutional Neural Networks
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Abstract (arXiv)
Unconstrained text recognition is an important computer vision task, featuring a wide variety of different sub-tasks, each with its own set of challenges. One of the biggest promises of deep neural networks has been the convergence and automation of feature extractors from input raw signals, allowing for the highest possible performance with minimum required domain knowledge. To this end, we propose a data-efficient, end-to-end neural network model for generic, unconstrained text recognition. In our proposed architecture we strive for simplicity and efficiency without sacrificing recognition accuracy. Our proposed architecture is a fully convolutional network without any recurrent connections trained with the CTC loss function. Thus it operates on arbitrary input sizes and produces strings of arbitrary length in a very efficient and parallelizable manner. We show the generality and superiority of our proposed text recognition architecture by achieving state of the art results on seven public benchmark datasets, covering a wide spectrum of text recognition tasks, namely: Handwriting Recognition, CAPTCHA recognition, OCR, License Plate Recognition, and Scene Text Recognition. Our proposed architecture has won the ICFHR2018 Competition on Automated Text Recognition on a READ Dataset.
Key facts. Cited by 31 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 31 Dec 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 10; 2023: 6; 2024: 9; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.
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- 2024HTR-VT: Handwritten Text Recognition with Vision Transformercited by 24
- 2021SPAN: a Simple Predict & Align Network for Handwritten Paragraph Recognitioncited by 19
- 2022The LAM Dataset: A Novel Benchmark for Line-Level Handwritten Text Recognitioncited by 17
- 2024Best Practices for a Handwritten Text Recognition Systemcited by 17
- 2022Boosting Modern and Historical Handwritten Text Recognition with Deformable Convolutionscited by 14
- 2022Star Temporal Classification: Sequence Classification with Partially Labeled Datacited by 10
- 2023Faster DAN: Multi-target Queries with Document Positional Encoding for End-to-end Handwritten Document Recognitioncited by 9
- 2023GP-NAS-ensemble: a model for NAS Performance Predictioncited by 7
- 2024Qalam : A Multimodal LLM for Arabic Optical Character and Handwriting Recognitioncited by 7
- 2022Auxiliary Cross-Modal Representation Learning with Triplet Loss Functions for Online Handwriting Recognitioncited by 6
- 2022Easter2.0: Improving convolutional models for handwritten text recognitioncited by 6
- 2024HierCode: A Lightweight Hierarchical Codebook for Zero-shot Chinese Text Recognitioncited by 6
19 more
- 2022Lexicon and Attention based Handwritten Text Recognition Systemcited by 5
- 2025QARI-OCR: High-Fidelity Arabic Text Recognition through Multimodal Large Language Model Adaptationcited by 5
- 2024General Detection-based Text Line Recognitioncited by 4
- 2024Self-Supervised Learning for Text Recognition: A Critical Surveycited by 3
- 2026A Human-in-the-Loop Label Error Detection Framework Applied to Arabic-Script HTR Datasetscited by 3
- 20222D Self-Organized ONN Model For Handwritten Text Recognitioncited by 2
- 2022A Lexicon and Depth-wise Separable Convolution Based Handwritten Text Recognition Systemcited by 1
- 2023Combining OCR Models for Reading Early Modern Printed Bookscited by 1
- 2023IDPL-PFOD2: A New Large-Scale Dataset for Printed Farsi Optical Character Recognitioncited by 1
- 2024GatedLexiconNet: A Comprehensive End-to-End Handwritten Paragraph Text Recognition Systemcited by 1
- 2025HTR-ConvText: Leveraging Convolution and Textual Information for Handwritten Text Recognitioncited by 1
- 2021ConAM: Confidence Attention Module for Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 0
- 2022TextMatcher: Cross-Attentional Neural Network to Compare Image and Textcited by 0
- 2022Towards Robust Handwritten Text Recognition with On-the-fly User Participationcited by 0
- 2023Offline Detection of Misspelled Handwritten Words by Convolving Recognition Model Features with Text Labelscited by 0
- 2023Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Reading Music Systemscited by 0
- 2024Boosting CNN-based Handwriting Recognition Systems with Learnable Relaxation Labelingcited by 0
- 2024Enhancement of text recognition for hanja handwritten documents of Ancient Koreacited by 0
- 2026A Free Lunch? Adapting PP-OCRv6 for Historical Text Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026A Free Lunch? Adapting PP-OCRv6 for Historical Text Recognition17 Sep 2026
- 2026A Human-in-the-Loop Label Error Detection Framework Applied to Arabic-Script HTR Datasets23 Jan 2026
- 2025HTR-ConvText: Leveraging Convolution and Textual Information for Handwritten Text Recognition4 Dec 2025
- 2025QARI-OCR: High-Fidelity Arabic Text Recognition through Multimodal Large Language Model Adaptation2 Jun 2025
- 2024Enhancement of text recognition for hanja handwritten documents of Ancient Korea14 Dec 2024
- 2024General Detection-based Text Line Recognition25 Sep 2024
- 2024HTR-VT: Handwritten Text Recognition with Vision Transformer13 Sep 2024
- 2024Boosting CNN-based Handwriting Recognition Systems with Learnable Relaxation Labeling9 Sep 2024
- 2024Self-Supervised Learning for Text Recognition: A Critical Survey29 Jul 2024
- 2024Qalam : A Multimodal LLM for Arabic Optical Character and Handwriting Recognition18 Jul 2024
- 2024GatedLexiconNet: A Comprehensive End-to-End Handwritten Paragraph Text Recognition System22 Apr 2024
- 2024Best Practices for a Handwritten Text Recognition System17 Apr 2024
19 more
- 2024HierCode: A Lightweight Hierarchical Codebook for Zero-shot Chinese Text Recognition20 Mar 2024
- 2023IDPL-PFOD2: A New Large-Scale Dataset for Printed Farsi Optical Character Recognition2 Dec 2023
- 2023Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Reading Music Systems7 Nov 2023
- 2023Offline Detection of Misspelled Handwritten Words by Convolving Recognition Model Features with Text Labels18 Sep 2023
- 2023Combining OCR Models for Reading Early Modern Printed Books11 May 2023
- 2023Faster DAN: Multi-target Queries with Document Positional Encoding for End-to-end Handwritten Document Recognition25 Jan 2023
- 2023GP-NAS-ensemble: a model for NAS Performance Prediction23 Jan 2023
- 2022Towards Robust Handwritten Text Recognition with On-the-fly User Participation17 Dec 2022
- 2022Lexicon and Attention based Handwritten Text Recognition System11 Sep 2022
- 2022Boosting Modern and Historical Handwritten Text Recognition with Deformable Convolutions17 Aug 2022
- 2022The LAM Dataset: A Novel Benchmark for Line-Level Handwritten Text Recognition16 Aug 2022
- 20222D Self-Organized ONN Model For Handwritten Text Recognition17 Jul 2022
- 2022A Lexicon and Depth-wise Separable Convolution Based Handwritten Text Recognition System11 Jul 2022
- 2022Easter2.0: Improving convolutional models for handwritten text recognition30 May 2022
- 2022TextMatcher: Cross-Attentional Neural Network to Compare Image and Text11 May 2022
- 2022Auxiliary Cross-Modal Representation Learning with Triplet Loss Functions for Online Handwriting Recognition16 Feb 2022
- 2022Star Temporal Classification: Sequence Classification with Partially Labeled Data28 Jan 2022
- 2021ConAM: Confidence Attention Module for Convolutional Neural Networks27 Oct 2021
- 2021SPAN: a Simple Predict & Align Network for Handwritten Paragraph Recognition17 Feb 2021
- 2024HTR-VT: Handwritten Text Recognition with Vision Transformercited by 24
- 2021SPAN: a Simple Predict & Align Network for Handwritten Paragraph Recognitioncited by 19
- 2022The LAM Dataset: A Novel Benchmark for Line-Level Handwritten Text Recognitioncited by 17
- 2024Best Practices for a Handwritten Text Recognition Systemcited by 17
- 2022Boosting Modern and Historical Handwritten Text Recognition with Deformable Convolutionscited by 14
- 2022Star Temporal Classification: Sequence Classification with Partially Labeled Datacited by 10
- 2023Faster DAN: Multi-target Queries with Document Positional Encoding for End-to-end Handwritten Document Recognitioncited by 9
- 2023GP-NAS-ensemble: a model for NAS Performance Predictioncited by 7
- 2024Qalam : A Multimodal LLM for Arabic Optical Character and Handwriting Recognitioncited by 7
- 2022Auxiliary Cross-Modal Representation Learning with Triplet Loss Functions for Online Handwriting Recognitioncited by 6
- 2022Easter2.0: Improving convolutional models for handwritten text recognitioncited by 6
- 2024HierCode: A Lightweight Hierarchical Codebook for Zero-shot Chinese Text Recognitioncited by 6
12 most cited of 30 All 30 (JSON)
- 2026A Human-in-the-Loop Label Error Detection Framework Applied to Arabic-Script HTR Datasets23 Jan 2026
- 2025HTR-ConvText: Leveraging Convolution and Textual Information for Handwritten Text Recognition4 Dec 2025
- 2025QARI-OCR: High-Fidelity Arabic Text Recognition through Multimodal Large Language Model Adaptation2 Jun 2025
- 2024Enhancement of text recognition for hanja handwritten documents of Ancient Korea14 Dec 2024
- 2024General Detection-based Text Line Recognition25 Sep 2024
- 2024HTR-VT: Handwritten Text Recognition with Vision Transformer13 Sep 2024
- 2024Boosting CNN-based Handwriting Recognition Systems with Learnable Relaxation Labeling9 Sep 2024
- 2024Self-Supervised Learning for Text Recognition: A Critical Survey29 Jul 2024
- 2024Qalam : A Multimodal LLM for Arabic Optical Character and Handwriting Recognition18 Jul 2024
- 2024GatedLexiconNet: A Comprehensive End-to-End Handwritten Paragraph Text Recognition System22 Apr 2024
- 2024Best Practices for a Handwritten Text Recognition System17 Apr 2024
- 2024HierCode: A Lightweight Hierarchical Codebook for Zero-shot Chinese Text Recognition20 Mar 2024
12 newest of 30 All 30 (JSON)