A Hierarchical Framework for Relation Extraction with Reinforcement Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Most existing methods determine relation types only after all the entities have been recognized, thus the interaction between relation types and entity mentions is not fully modeled. This paper presents a novel paradigm to deal with relation extraction by regarding the related entities as the arguments of a relation. We apply a hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) framework in this paradigm to enhance the interaction between entity mentions and relation types. The whole extraction process is decomposed into a hierarchy of two-level RL policies for relation detection and entity extraction respectively, so that it is more feasible and natural to deal with overlapping relations. Our model was evaluated on public datasets collected via distant supervision, and results show that it gains better performance than existing methods and is more powerful for extracting overlapping relations.
Key facts. Cited by 49 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Nov 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 5; 2023: 12; 2024: 15; 2025: 2; 2026: 3.
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- 2023ChatIE: Zero-Shot Information Extraction via Chatting with ChatGPTcited by 250
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- 2023Summary of ChatGPT-Related Research and Perspective Towards the Future of Large Language Modelscited by 154
- 2021Gradient Imitation Reinforcement Learning for Low Resource Relation Extractioncited by 33
- 2021A Trigger-Sense Memory Flow Framework for Joint Entity and Relation Extractioncited by 26
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- 2021A Novel Global Feature-Oriented Relational Triple Extraction Model based on Table Fillingcited by 16
- 2021Revisiting the Negative Data of Distantly Supervised Relation Extractioncited by 15
- 2021A Simple but Effective Bidirectional Framework for Relational Triple Extractioncited by 14
- 2024Consistency Guided Knowledge Retrieval and Denoising in LLMs for Zero-shot Document-level Relation Triplet Extractioncited by 14
- 2024Meta In-Context Learning Makes Large Language Models Better Zero and Few-Shot Relation Extractorscited by 13
- 2021Deep Neural Approaches to Relation Triplets Extraction: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 12
37 more
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- 2023CLIP-Motion: Learning Reward Functions for Robotic Actions Using Consecutive Observationscited by 9
- 2022FastRE: Towards Fast Relation Extraction with Convolutional Encoder and Improved Cascade Binary Tagging Frameworkcited by 8
- 2023JsonTuning: Towards Generalizable, Robust, and Controllable Instruction Tuningcited by 6
- 2023Beyond Isolation: Multi-Agent Synergy for Improving Knowledge Graph Constructioncited by 6
- 2024Best of Both Worlds: A Pliable and Generalizable Neuro-Symbolic Approach for Relation Classificationcited by 6
- 2024Evaluating Generative Language Models in Information Extraction as Subjective Question Correctioncited by 6
- 2025Multilingual Prompt Engineering in Large Language Models: A Survey Across NLP Taskscited by 6
- 2021RTE: A Tool for Annotating Relation Triplets from Textcited by 5
- 2024IEPile: Unearthing Large-Scale Schema-Based Information Extraction Corpuscited by 5
- 2024Improving Recall of Large Language Models: A Model Collaboration Approach for Relational Triple Extractioncited by 3
- 2024RUIE: Retrieval-based Unified Information Extraction using Large Language Modelcited by 3
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- 2021Syntactic and Semantic-driven Learning for Open Information Extractioncited by 2
- 2021Improving Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction with Self-Ensemble Noise Filteringcited by 2
- 2022PCRED: Zero-shot Relation Triplet Extraction with Potential Candidate Relation Selection and Entity Boundary Detectioncited by 2
- 2023CollabKG: A Learnable Human-Machine-Cooperative Information Extraction Toolkit for (Event) Knowledge Graph Constructioncited by 2
- 2024Towards Realistic Few-Shot Relation Extraction: A New Meta Dataset and Evaluationcited by 2
- 2024Adaptive Reinforcement Learning Planning: Harnessing Large Language Models for Complex Information Extractioncited by 2
- 2021A Cascade Dual-Decoder Model for Joint Entity and Relation Extractioncited by 1
- 2022CEntRE: A paragraph-level Chinese dataset for Relation Extraction among Enterprisescited by 1
- 202390% F1 Score in Relational Triple Extraction: Is it Real ?cited by 1
- 2024Is There a One-Model-Fits-All Approach to Information Extraction? Revisiting Task Definition Biasescited by 1
- 2024Reward-based Input Construction for Cross-document Relation Extractioncited by 1
- 2025A systematic review of relation extraction task since the emergence of Transformerscited by 1
- 2021A Hierarchical Entity Graph Convolutional Network for Relation Extraction across Documentscited by 0
- 2022OASYS: Domain-Agnostic Automated System for Constructing Knowledge Base from Unstructured Textcited by 0
- 2022Gradient Imitation Reinforcement Learning for General Low-Resource Information Extractioncited by 0
- 2023SpanRE: Entities and Overlapping Relations Extraction Based on Spans and Entity Attentioncited by 0
- 2023Adaptive Ordered Information Extraction with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2023Do the Benefits of Joint Models for Relation Extraction Extend to Document-level Tasks?cited by 0
- 2024A Bi-consolidating Model for Joint Relational Triple Extractioncited by 0
- 2024KEHRL: Learning Knowledge-Enhanced Language Representations with Hierarchical Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
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- 2026HGNet: Scalable Foundation Model for Automated Knowledge Graph Generation from Scientific Literaturecited by 0
- 2026LC-ICL: Label-Guided Contrastive In-Context Learning for Robust Information Extractioncited by 0
- 2026LC-ICL: Label-Guided Contrastive In-Context Learning for Robust Information Extraction28 Jun 2026
- 2026HGNet: Scalable Foundation Model for Automated Knowledge Graph Generation from Scientific Literature24 Mar 2026
- 2026LEC-KG: An LLM-Embedding Collaborative Framework for Domain-Specific Knowledge Graph Construction -- A Case Study on SDGs2 Feb 2026
- 2025A systematic review of relation extraction task since the emergence of Transformers5 Nov 2025
- 2025Multilingual Prompt Engineering in Large Language Models: A Survey Across NLP Tasks16 May 2025
- 2024KnowCoder-X: Boosting Multilingual Information Extraction via Code7 Nov 2024
- 2024RUIE: Retrieval-based Unified Information Extraction using Large Language Model18 Sep 2024
- 2024KEHRL: Learning Knowledge-Enhanced Language Representations with Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning24 Jun 2024
- 2024Adaptive Reinforcement Learning Planning: Harnessing Large Language Models for Complex Information Extraction17 Jun 2024
- 2024Reward-based Input Construction for Cross-document Relation Extraction31 May 2024
- 2024ADELIE: Aligning Large Language Models on Information Extraction8 May 2024
- 2024Meta In-Context Learning Makes Large Language Models Better Zero and Few-Shot Relation Extractors27 Apr 2024
37 more
- 2024Improving Recall of Large Language Models: A Model Collaboration Approach for Relational Triple Extraction15 Apr 2024
- 2024Towards Realistic Few-Shot Relation Extraction: A New Meta Dataset and Evaluation5 Apr 2024
- 2024A Bi-consolidating Model for Joint Relational Triple Extraction5 Apr 2024
- 2024Evaluating Generative Language Models in Information Extraction as Subjective Question Correction4 Apr 2024
- 2024Is There a One-Model-Fits-All Approach to Information Extraction? Revisiting Task Definition Biases25 Mar 2024
- 2024Best of Both Worlds: A Pliable and Generalizable Neuro-Symbolic Approach for Relation Classification5 Mar 2024
- 2024IEPile: Unearthing Large-Scale Schema-Based Information Extraction Corpus22 Feb 2024
- 2024Consistency Guided Knowledge Retrieval and Denoising in LLMs for Zero-shot Document-level Relation Triplet Extraction24 Jan 2024
- 2023Beyond Isolation: Multi-Agent Synergy for Improving Knowledge Graph Construction5 Dec 2023
- 2023Mirror: A Universal Framework for Various Information Extraction Tasks9 Nov 2023
- 2023CLIP-Motion: Learning Reward Functions for Robotic Actions Using Consecutive Observations6 Nov 2023
- 2023JsonTuning: Towards Generalizable, Robust, and Controllable Instruction Tuning4 Oct 2023
- 2023Do the Benefits of Joint Models for Relation Extraction Extend to Document-level Tasks?1 Oct 2023
- 2023CollabKG: A Learnable Human-Machine-Cooperative Information Extraction Toolkit for (Event) Knowledge Graph Construction3 Jul 2023
- 2023Adaptive Ordered Information Extraction with Deep Reinforcement Learning19 Jun 2023
- 2023InstructUIE: Multi-task Instruction Tuning for Unified Information Extraction17 Apr 2023
- 2023SpanRE: Entities and Overlapping Relations Extraction Based on Spans and Entity Attention6 Apr 2023
- 2023Summary of ChatGPT-Related Research and Perspective Towards the Future of Large Language Models4 Apr 2023
- 2023ChatIE: Zero-Shot Information Extraction via Chatting with ChatGPT20 Feb 2023
- 202390% F1 Score in Relational Triple Extraction: Is it Real ?20 Feb 2023
- 2022PCRED: Zero-shot Relation Triplet Extraction with Potential Candidate Relation Selection and Entity Boundary Detection26 Nov 2022
- 2022Gradient Imitation Reinforcement Learning for General Low-Resource Information Extraction11 Nov 2022
- 2022CEntRE: A paragraph-level Chinese dataset for Relation Extraction among Enterprises19 Oct 2022
- 2022OASYS: Domain-Agnostic Automated System for Constructing Knowledge Base from Unstructured Text29 Jun 2022
- 2022FastRE: Towards Fast Relation Extraction with Convolutional Encoder and Improved Cascade Binary Tagging Framework5 May 2022
- 2021A Simple but Effective Bidirectional Framework for Relational Triple Extraction9 Dec 2021
- 2021A Novel Global Feature-Oriented Relational Triple Extraction Model based on Table Filling14 Sep 2021
- 2021Gradient Imitation Reinforcement Learning for Low Resource Relation Extraction14 Sep 2021
- 2021Improving Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction with Self-Ensemble Noise Filtering22 Aug 2021
- 2021A Hierarchical Entity Graph Convolutional Network for Relation Extraction across Documents21 Aug 2021
- 2021RTE: A Tool for Annotating Relation Triplets from Text18 Aug 2021
- 2021Aspect Sentiment Triplet Extraction Using Reinforcement Learning13 Aug 2021
- 2021A Cascade Dual-Decoder Model for Joint Entity and Relation Extraction27 Jun 2021
- 2021Revisiting the Negative Data of Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction21 May 2021
- 2021Deep Neural Approaches to Relation Triplets Extraction: A Comprehensive Survey31 Mar 2021
- 2021Syntactic and Semantic-driven Learning for Open Information Extraction5 Mar 2021
- 2021A Trigger-Sense Memory Flow Framework for Joint Entity and Relation Extraction25 Jan 2021
- 2023ChatIE: Zero-Shot Information Extraction via Chatting with ChatGPTcited by 250
- 2023InstructUIE: Multi-task Instruction Tuning for Unified Information Extractioncited by 170
- 2023Summary of ChatGPT-Related Research and Perspective Towards the Future of Large Language Modelscited by 154
- 2021Gradient Imitation Reinforcement Learning for Low Resource Relation Extractioncited by 33
- 2021A Trigger-Sense Memory Flow Framework for Joint Entity and Relation Extractioncited by 26
- 2021A Novel Global Feature-Oriented Relational Triple Extraction Model based on Table Fillingcited by 16
- 2021Revisiting the Negative Data of Distantly Supervised Relation Extractioncited by 15
- 2021A Simple but Effective Bidirectional Framework for Relational Triple Extractioncited by 14
- 2024Consistency Guided Knowledge Retrieval and Denoising in LLMs for Zero-shot Document-level Relation Triplet Extractioncited by 14
- 2024Meta In-Context Learning Makes Large Language Models Better Zero and Few-Shot Relation Extractorscited by 13
- 2021Deep Neural Approaches to Relation Triplets Extraction: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 12
- 2021Aspect Sentiment Triplet Extraction Using Reinforcement Learningcited by 12
12 most cited of 46 All 46 (JSON)
- 2026LC-ICL: Label-Guided Contrastive In-Context Learning for Robust Information Extraction28 Jun 2026
- 2026HGNet: Scalable Foundation Model for Automated Knowledge Graph Generation from Scientific Literature24 Mar 2026
- 2026LEC-KG: An LLM-Embedding Collaborative Framework for Domain-Specific Knowledge Graph Construction -- A Case Study on SDGs2 Feb 2026
- 2025A systematic review of relation extraction task since the emergence of Transformers5 Nov 2025
- 2025Multilingual Prompt Engineering in Large Language Models: A Survey Across NLP Tasks16 May 2025
- 2024KnowCoder-X: Boosting Multilingual Information Extraction via Code7 Nov 2024
- 2024RUIE: Retrieval-based Unified Information Extraction using Large Language Model18 Sep 2024
- 2024Adaptive Reinforcement Learning Planning: Harnessing Large Language Models for Complex Information Extraction17 Jun 2024
- 2024Reward-based Input Construction for Cross-document Relation Extraction31 May 2024
- 2024Meta In-Context Learning Makes Large Language Models Better Zero and Few-Shot Relation Extractors27 Apr 2024
- 2024Improving Recall of Large Language Models: A Model Collaboration Approach for Relational Triple Extraction15 Apr 2024
- 2024Towards Realistic Few-Shot Relation Extraction: A New Meta Dataset and Evaluation5 Apr 2024
12 newest of 46 All 46 (JSON)