mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Mixture of Expert/Imitator Networks: Scalable Semi-supervised Learning Framework

arXiv 1810.05788 ↗First posted 13 Oct 2018cs.CLcited by 2

On the map: Mixture-of-experts → MoE large language models

Abstract (arXiv)

The current success of deep neural networks (DNNs) in an increasingly broad range of tasks involving artificial intelligence strongly depends on the quality and quantity of labeled training data. In general, the scarcity of labeled data, which is often observed in many natural language processing tasks, is one of the most important issues to be addressed. Semi-supervised learning (SSL) is a promising approach to overcoming this issue by incorporating a large amount of unlabeled data. In this paper, we propose a novel scalable method of SSL for text classification tasks. The unique property of our method, Mixture of Expert/Imitator Networks, is that imitator networks learn to "imitate" the estimated label distribution of the expert network over the unlabeled data, which potentially contributes a set of features for the classification. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed method consistently improves the performance of several types of baseline DNNs. We also demonstrate that our method has the more data, better performance property with promising scalability to the amount of unlabeled data.

Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in MoE large language models, one of 12 directions in Mixture-of-experts. Builds on 23 of its 42 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Oct 2018.

Builds on

23 of 42 references.

Closest ancestors · 1

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2017Outrageously Large Neural Networks: The Sparsely-Gated Mixture-of-Experts Layer23 Jan

Other references · 22

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10 more
  1. 2018AllenNLP: A Deep Semantic Natural Language Processing Platformcited by 347
  2. 2013One Billion Word Benchmark for Measuring Progress in Statistical Language Modelingcited by 308
  3. 2016Adversarial Training Methods for Semi-Supervised Text Classificationcited by 280
  4. 2015Semi-supervised Sequence Learningcited by 198
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 0; 2023: 1.

2 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2023Neural Networks Against (and For) Self-Training: Classification with Small Labeled and Large Unlabeled Sets
  2. 2025Unlabeled Data vs. Pre-trained Knowledge: Rethinking SSL in the Era of Large Models
  3. 2024Lightweight Contenders: Navigating Semi-Supervised Text Mining through Peer Collaboration and Self Transcendence
  4. 2021Industry Scale Semi-Supervised Learning for Natural Language Understanding
  5. 2022HMOE: Hypernetwork-based Mixture of Experts for Domain Generalization
  6. 2024Self-Training for Sample-Efficient Active Learning for Text Classification with Pre-Trained Language Models
  7. 2025The Efficiency of Pre-training with Objective Masking in Pseudo Labeling for Semi-Supervised Text Classification
  8. 2023Prompt-based Pseudo-labeling Strategy for Sample-Efficient Semi-Supervised Extractive Summarization