Learning to Detect Fake Face Images in the Wild
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Abstract (arXiv)
Although Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) can be used to generate the realistic image, improper use of these technologies brings hidden concerns. For example, GAN can be used to generate a tampered video for specific people and inappropriate events, creating images that are detrimental to a particular person, and may even affect that personal safety. In this paper, we will develop a deep forgery discriminator (DeepFD) to efficiently and effectively detect the computer-generated images. Directly learning a binary classifier is relatively tricky since it is hard to find the common discriminative features for judging the fake images generated from different GANs. To address this shortcoming, we adopt contrastive loss in seeking the typical features of the synthesized images generated by different GANs and follow by concatenating a classifier to detect such computer-generated images. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed DeepFD successfully detected 94.7% fake images generated by several state-of-the-art GANs.
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 24 Sep 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 5; 2023: 4; 2024: 5; 2025: 4.
22 papers.
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- 2021Exploring Temporal Coherence for More General Video Face Forgery Detectioncited by 158
- 2022Implicit Identity Leakage: The Stumbling Block to Improving Deepfake Detection Generalizationcited by 122
- 2023AltFreezing for More General Video Face Forgery Detectioncited by 78
- 2024Deepfake Generation and Detection: A Benchmark and Surveycited by 66
- 2021Countering Malicious DeepFakes: Survey, Battleground, and Horizoncited by 56
- 2022MINTIME: Multi-Identity Size-Invariant Video Deepfake Detectioncited by 23
- 2022A Review of Deep Learning-based Approaches for Deepfake Content Detectioncited by 12
- 2025Beyond Spatial Frequency: Pixel-wise Temporal Frequency-based Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 12
- 2021Pattern Detection in the Activation Space for Identifying Synthesized Contentcited by 5
- 2022Fighting Malicious Media Data: A Survey on Tampering Detection and Deepfake Detectioncited by 2
- 2024Data-Agnostic Face Image Synthesis Detection Using Bayesian CNNscited by 2
- 2025Detecting Localized Deepfake Manipulations Using Action Unit-Guided Video Representationscited by 2
10 more
- 2025ALBERT: Advanced Localization and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers for Automotive Damage Evaluationcited by 2
- 2023Sequential training of GANs against GAN-classifiers reveals correlated "knowledge gaps" present among independently trained GAN instancescited by 1
- 2024GRACE: Graph-Regularized Attentive Convolutional Entanglement with Laplacian Smoothing for Robust DeepFake Video Detectioncited by 1
- 2021VIPPrint: A Large Scale Dataset of Printed and Scanned Images for Synthetic Face Images Detection and Source Linkingcited by 0
- 2022Transferable Class-Modelling for Decentralized Source Attribution of GAN-Generated Imagescited by 0
- 2023Deepfake Detection using Biological Features: A Surveycited by 0
- 2023Deepfake Detection of Occluded Images Using a Patch-based Approachcited by 0
- 2024Detecting Face Synthesis Using a Concealed Fusion Modelcited by 0
- 2024AI, Entrepreneurs, and Privacy: Deep Learning Outperforms Humans in Detecting Entrepreneurs from Image Datacited by 0
- 2025Towards Robust DeepFake Detection under Unstable Face Sequences: Adaptive Sparse Graph Embedding with Order-Free Representation and Explicit Laplacian Spectral Priorcited by 0
- 2025Towards Robust DeepFake Detection under Unstable Face Sequences: Adaptive Sparse Graph Embedding with Order-Free Representation and Explicit Laplacian Spectral Prior8 Dec 2025
- 2025Beyond Spatial Frequency: Pixel-wise Temporal Frequency-based Deepfake Video Detection3 Jul 2025
- 2025ALBERT: Advanced Localization and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers for Automotive Damage Evaluation12 Jun 2025
- 2025Detecting Localized Deepfake Manipulations Using Action Unit-Guided Video Representations28 Mar 2025
- 2024AI, Entrepreneurs, and Privacy: Deep Learning Outperforms Humans in Detecting Entrepreneurs from Image Data19 Aug 2024
- 2024GRACE: Graph-Regularized Attentive Convolutional Entanglement with Laplacian Smoothing for Robust DeepFake Video Detection28 Jun 2024
- 2024Deepfake Generation and Detection: A Benchmark and Survey26 Mar 2024
- 2024Detecting Face Synthesis Using a Concealed Fusion Model8 Jan 2024
- 2024Data-Agnostic Face Image Synthesis Detection Using Bayesian CNNs8 Jan 2024
- 2023AltFreezing for More General Video Face Forgery Detection17 Jul 2023
- 2023Deepfake Detection of Occluded Images Using a Patch-based Approach10 Apr 2023
- 2023Sequential training of GANs against GAN-classifiers reveals correlated "knowledge gaps" present among independently trained GAN instances27 Mar 2023
10 more
- 2023Deepfake Detection using Biological Features: A Survey14 Jan 2023
- 2022Fighting Malicious Media Data: A Survey on Tampering Detection and Deepfake Detection12 Dec 2022
- 2022MINTIME: Multi-Identity Size-Invariant Video Deepfake Detection20 Nov 2022
- 2022Implicit Identity Leakage: The Stumbling Block to Improving Deepfake Detection Generalization26 Oct 2022
- 2022Transferable Class-Modelling for Decentralized Source Attribution of GAN-Generated Images18 Mar 2022
- 2022A Review of Deep Learning-based Approaches for Deepfake Content Detection12 Feb 2022
- 2021Exploring Temporal Coherence for More General Video Face Forgery Detection15 Aug 2021
- 2021Pattern Detection in the Activation Space for Identifying Synthesized Content26 May 2021
- 2021Countering Malicious DeepFakes: Survey, Battleground, and Horizon27 Feb 2021
- 2021VIPPrint: A Large Scale Dataset of Printed and Scanned Images for Synthetic Face Images Detection and Source Linking1 Feb 2021
- 2021Exploring Temporal Coherence for More General Video Face Forgery Detectioncited by 158
- 2022Implicit Identity Leakage: The Stumbling Block to Improving Deepfake Detection Generalizationcited by 122
- 2023AltFreezing for More General Video Face Forgery Detectioncited by 78
- 2024Deepfake Generation and Detection: A Benchmark and Surveycited by 66
- 2021Countering Malicious DeepFakes: Survey, Battleground, and Horizoncited by 56
- 2022MINTIME: Multi-Identity Size-Invariant Video Deepfake Detectioncited by 23
- 2022A Review of Deep Learning-based Approaches for Deepfake Content Detectioncited by 12
- 2025Beyond Spatial Frequency: Pixel-wise Temporal Frequency-based Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 12
- 2021Pattern Detection in the Activation Space for Identifying Synthesized Contentcited by 5
- 2022Fighting Malicious Media Data: A Survey on Tampering Detection and Deepfake Detectioncited by 2
- 2024Data-Agnostic Face Image Synthesis Detection Using Bayesian CNNscited by 2
- 2025Detecting Localized Deepfake Manipulations Using Action Unit-Guided Video Representationscited by 2
12 most cited of 22 All 22 (JSON)
- 2025Towards Robust DeepFake Detection under Unstable Face Sequences: Adaptive Sparse Graph Embedding with Order-Free Representation and Explicit Laplacian Spectral Prior8 Dec 2025
- 2025Beyond Spatial Frequency: Pixel-wise Temporal Frequency-based Deepfake Video Detection3 Jul 2025
- 2025ALBERT: Advanced Localization and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers for Automotive Damage Evaluation12 Jun 2025
- 2025Detecting Localized Deepfake Manipulations Using Action Unit-Guided Video Representations28 Mar 2025
- 2024AI, Entrepreneurs, and Privacy: Deep Learning Outperforms Humans in Detecting Entrepreneurs from Image Data19 Aug 2024
- 2024GRACE: Graph-Regularized Attentive Convolutional Entanglement with Laplacian Smoothing for Robust DeepFake Video Detection28 Jun 2024
- 2024Deepfake Generation and Detection: A Benchmark and Survey26 Mar 2024
- 2024Detecting Face Synthesis Using a Concealed Fusion Model8 Jan 2024
- 2024Data-Agnostic Face Image Synthesis Detection Using Bayesian CNNs8 Jan 2024
- 2023AltFreezing for More General Video Face Forgery Detection17 Jul 2023
- 2023Deepfake Detection of Occluded Images Using a Patch-based Approach10 Apr 2023
- 2023Sequential training of GANs against GAN-classifiers reveals correlated "knowledge gaps" present among independently trained GAN instances27 Mar 2023
12 newest of 22 All 22 (JSON)