Best sources forward: domain generalization through source-specific nets
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Abstract (arXiv)
A long standing problem in visual object categorization is the ability of algorithms to generalize across different testing conditions. The problem has been formalized as a covariate shift among the probability distributions generating the training data (source) and the test data (target) and several domain adaptation methods have been proposed to address this issue. While these approaches have considered the single source-single target scenario, it is plausible to have multiple sources and require adaptation to any possible target domain. This last scenario, named Domain Generalization (DG), is the focus of our work. Differently from previous DG methods which learn domain invariant representations from source data, we design a deep network with multiple domain-specific classifiers, each associated to a source domain. At test time we estimate the probabilities that a target sample belongs to each source domain and exploit them to optimally fuse the classifiers predictions. To further improve the generalization ability of our model, we also introduced a domain agnostic component supporting the final classifier. Experiments on two public benchmarks demonstrate the power of our approach.
Key facts. Cited by 81 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 15 Jun 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 28; 2022: 20; 2023: 16; 2024: 12; 2025: 5.
81 papers.
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- 2021Generalizing to Unseen Domains: A Survey on Domain Generalizationcited by 762
- 2021Domain Generalization: A Surveycited by 760
- 2021Towards Out-Of-Distribution Generalization: A Surveycited by 431
- 2021Fishr: Invariant Gradient Variances for Out-of-Distribution Generalizationcited by 186
- 2021Learning to Diversify for Single Domain Generalizationcited by 170
- 2021FSDR: Frequency Space Domain Randomization for Domain Generalizationcited by 163
- 2021Deep Stable Learning for Out-Of-Distribution Generalizationcited by 153
- 2021Model-Based Domain Generalizationcited by 103
- 2022Deep Unsupervised Domain Adaptation: A Review of Recent Advances and Perspectivescited by 98
- 2021Progressive Domain Expansion Network for Single Domain Generalizationcited by 96
- 2021Invariant Information Bottleneck for Domain Generalizationcited by 86
- 2022NICO++: Towards Better Benchmarking for Domain Generalizationcited by 86
38 more
- 2022Sparse Mixture-of-Experts are Domain Generalizable Learnerscited by 85
- 2021Domain Generalization via Gradient Surgerycited by 60
- 2021Nonlinear Invariant Risk Minimization: A Causal Approachcited by 42
- 2022Deep Frequency Filtering for Domain Generalizationcited by 41
- 2021Towards Unsupervised Domain Generalizationcited by 40
- 2022Uncertainty-aware Contrastive Distillation for Incremental Semantic Segmentationcited by 37
- 2023StyLIP: Multi-Scale Style-Conditioned Prompt Learning for CLIP-based Domain Generalizationcited by 36
- 2023Progressive Random Convolutions for Single Domain Generalizationcited by 33
- 2022Temporal Domain Generalization with Drift-Aware Dynamic Neural Networkscited by 32
- 2022Domain Generalization using Pretrained Models without Fine-tuningcited by 29
- 2024Unbiased Faster R-CNN for Single-source Domain Generalized Object Detectioncited by 29
- 2022Semantic-Discriminative Mixup for Generalizable Sensor-based Cross-domain Activity Recognitioncited by 28
- 2023Flatness-Aware Minimization for Domain Generalizationcited by 27
- 2023APPLeNet: Visual Attention Parameterized Prompt Learning for Few-Shot Remote Sensing Image Generalization using CLIPcited by 24
- 2024Prompt-Driven Dynamic Object-Centric Learning for Single Domain Generalizationcited by 24
- 2021Domain Generalization under Conditional and Label Shifts via Variational Bayesian Inferencecited by 18
- 2021Out-of-Domain Generalization from a Single Source: An Uncertainty Quantification Approachcited by 18
- 2022Intra-Source Style Augmentation for Improved Domain Generalizationcited by 17
- 2022Domain Generalization for Activity Recognition via Adaptive Feature Fusioncited by 16
- 2022Bootstrap Generalization Ability from Loss Landscape Perspectivecited by 16
- 2024Continuous Temporal Domain Generalizationcited by 14
- 2023Domain Generalization in Machine Learning Models for Wireless Communications: Concepts, State-of-the-Art, and Open Issuescited by 12
- 2024Generalizing across Temporal Domains with Koopman Operatorscited by 12
- 2021Inferring Latent Domains for Unsupervised Deep Domain Adaptationcited by 11
- 2022Global-Local Regularization Via Distributional Robustnesscited by 11
- 2023Foresee What You Will Learn: Data Augmentation for Domain Generalization in Non-stationary Environmentcited by 11
- 2022Debiased Batch Normalization via Gaussian Process for Generalizable Person Re-Identificationcited by 10
- 2022A diverse large-scale building dataset and a novel plug-and-play domain generalization method for building extractioncited by 10
- 2023TFS-ViT: Token-Level Feature Stylization for Domain Generalizationcited by 10
- 2021Better Pseudo-label: Joint Domain-aware Label and Dual-classifier for Semi-supervised Domain Generalizationcited by 9
- 2021Privacy-Preserving Constrained Domain Generalization via Gradient Alignmentcited by 8
- 2022HMOE: Hypernetwork-based Mixture of Experts for Domain Generalizationcited by 8
- 2023Aggregation of Disentanglement: Reconsidering Domain Variations in Domain Generalizationcited by 8
- 2023POEM: Polarization of Embeddings for Domain-Invariant Representationscited by 8
- 2023Intra- & Extra-Source Exemplar-Based Style Synthesis for Improved Domain Generalizationcited by 7
- 2021Robust Domain-Free Domain Generalization with Class-aware Alignmentcited by 6
- 2023CODA: Temporal Domain Generalization via Concept Drift Simulatorcited by 6
- 2022InBiaseD: Inductive Bias Distillation to Improve Generalization and Robustness through Shape-awarenesscited by 5
50 most cited of 81 All 81 (JSON)
- 2025Federated Domain Generalization with Latent Space Inversion11 Dec 2025
- 2025Online time series prediction using feature adjustment4 Sep 2025
- 2025Variational Learning of Disentangled Representations20 Jun 2025
- 2025Continuous Domain Generalization17 May 2025
- 2025Why Domain Generalization Fail? A View of Necessity and Sufficiency15 Feb 2025
- 2024Domain Expansion and Boundary Growth for Open-Set Single-Source Domain Generalization5 Nov 2024
- 2024Mixstyle-Entropy: Domain Generalization with Causal Intervention and Perturbation7 Aug 2024
- 2024FDS: Feedback-guided Domain Synthesis with Multi-Source Conditional Diffusion Models for Domain Generalization4 Jul 2024
- 2024Domain Generalizable Knowledge Tracing via Concept Aggregation and Relation-Based Attention2 Jul 2024
- 2024Continuous Temporal Domain Generalization25 May 2024
- 2024Unbiased Faster R-CNN for Single-source Domain Generalized Object Detection24 May 2024
- 2024The Over-Certainty Phenomenon in Modern Test-Time Adaptation Algorithms24 Apr 2024
38 more
- 2024Domain Adversarial Active Learning for Domain Generalization Classification10 Mar 2024
- 2024Prompt-Driven Dynamic Object-Centric Learning for Single Domain Generalization28 Feb 2024
- 2024Domain Generalization via Causal Adjustment for Cross-Domain Sentiment Analysis22 Feb 2024
- 2024Generalizing across Temporal Domains with Koopman Operators12 Feb 2024
- 2024Meta-forests: Domain generalization on random forests with meta-learning9 Jan 2024
- 2023Mixture Data for Training Cannot Ensure Out-of-distribution Generalization25 Dec 2023
- 2023Invariant Representation via Decoupling Style and Spurious Features from Images11 Dec 2023
- 2023A2XP: Towards Private Domain Generalization17 Nov 2023
- 2023CODA: Temporal Domain Generalization via Concept Drift Simulator2 Oct 2023
- 2023iBARLE: imBalance-Aware Room Layout Estimation29 Aug 2023
- 2023ALFA -- Leveraging All Levels of Feature Abstraction for Enhancing the Generalization of Histopathology Image Classification Across Unseen Hospitals7 Aug 2023
- 2023Flatness-Aware Minimization for Domain Generalization20 Jul 2023
- 2023Intra- & Extra-Source Exemplar-Based Style Synthesis for Improved Domain Generalization2 Jul 2023
- 2023POEM: Polarization of Embeddings for Domain-Invariant Representations22 May 2023
- 2023APPLeNet: Visual Attention Parameterized Prompt Learning for Few-Shot Remote Sensing Image Generalization using CLIP12 Apr 2023
- 2023Progressive Random Convolutions for Single Domain Generalization2 Apr 2023
- 2023TFS-ViT: Token-Level Feature Stylization for Domain Generalization28 Mar 2023
- 2023Domain Generalization in Machine Learning Models for Wireless Communications: Concepts, State-of-the-Art, and Open Issues13 Mar 2023
- 2023StyLIP: Multi-Scale Style-Conditioned Prompt Learning for CLIP-based Domain Generalization18 Feb 2023
- 2023Aggregation of Disentanglement: Reconsidering Domain Variations in Domain Generalization5 Feb 2023
- 2023Foresee What You Will Learn: Data Augmentation for Domain Generalization in Non-stationary Environment19 Jan 2023
- 2022HMOE: Hypernetwork-based Mixture of Experts for Domain Generalization15 Nov 2022
- 2022Intra-Source Style Augmentation for Improved Domain Generalization18 Oct 2022
- 2022Bootstrap Generalization Ability from Loss Landscape Perspective18 Sep 2022
- 2022A diverse large-scale building dataset and a novel plug-and-play domain generalization method for building extraction22 Aug 2022
- 2022Deep Unsupervised Domain Adaptation: A Review of Recent Advances and Perspectives15 Aug 2022
- 2022Domain Generalization for Activity Recognition via Adaptive Feature Fusion21 Jul 2022
- 2022Domain Generalization via Selective Consistency Regularization for Time Series Classification16 Jun 2022
- 2022Semantic-Discriminative Mixup for Generalizable Sensor-based Cross-domain Activity Recognition14 Jun 2022
- 2022InBiaseD: Inductive Bias Distillation to Improve Generalization and Robustness through Shape-awareness12 Jun 2022
- 2022Sparse Mixture-of-Experts are Domain Generalizable Learners8 Jun 2022
- 2022Evolving Domain Generalization31 May 2022
- 2022Temporal Domain Generalization with Drift-Aware Dynamic Neural Networks21 May 2022
- 2022InvNorm: Domain Generalization for Object Detection in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy5 May 2022
- 2022NICO++: Towards Better Benchmarking for Domain Generalization17 Apr 2022
- 2022Adaptive Network Combination for Single-Image Reflection Removal: A Domain Generalization Perspective4 Apr 2022
- 2022Uncertainty-aware Contrastive Distillation for Incremental Semantic Segmentation26 Mar 2022
- 2022Deep Frequency Filtering for Domain Generalization23 Mar 2022
50 newest of 81 All 81 (JSON)
- 2021Generalizing to Unseen Domains: A Survey on Domain Generalizationcited by 762
- 2021Domain Generalization: A Surveycited by 760
- 2021Towards Out-Of-Distribution Generalization: A Surveycited by 431
- 2021Fishr: Invariant Gradient Variances for Out-of-Distribution Generalizationcited by 186
- 2021Learning to Diversify for Single Domain Generalizationcited by 170
- 2021FSDR: Frequency Space Domain Randomization for Domain Generalizationcited by 163
- 2021Deep Stable Learning for Out-Of-Distribution Generalizationcited by 153
- 2021Model-Based Domain Generalizationcited by 103
- 2022Deep Unsupervised Domain Adaptation: A Review of Recent Advances and Perspectivescited by 98
- 2021Progressive Domain Expansion Network for Single Domain Generalizationcited by 96
- 2021Invariant Information Bottleneck for Domain Generalizationcited by 86
- 2022NICO++: Towards Better Benchmarking for Domain Generalizationcited by 86
12 most cited of 77 All 77 (JSON)
- 2025Federated Domain Generalization with Latent Space Inversion11 Dec 2025
- 2025Online time series prediction using feature adjustment4 Sep 2025
- 2025Variational Learning of Disentangled Representations20 Jun 2025
- 2025Continuous Domain Generalization17 May 2025
- 2025Why Domain Generalization Fail? A View of Necessity and Sufficiency15 Feb 2025
- 2024Domain Expansion and Boundary Growth for Open-Set Single-Source Domain Generalization5 Nov 2024
- 2024Mixstyle-Entropy: Domain Generalization with Causal Intervention and Perturbation7 Aug 2024
- 2024Domain Generalizable Knowledge Tracing via Concept Aggregation and Relation-Based Attention2 Jul 2024
- 2024Continuous Temporal Domain Generalization25 May 2024
- 2024Unbiased Faster R-CNN for Single-source Domain Generalized Object Detection24 May 2024
- 2024The Over-Certainty Phenomenon in Modern Test-Time Adaptation Algorithms24 Apr 2024
- 2024Domain Adversarial Active Learning for Domain Generalization Classification10 Mar 2024
12 newest of 77 All 77 (JSON)