A Deep Ensemble Model with Slot Alignment for Sequence-to-Sequence Natural Language Generation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Natural language generation lies at the core of generative dialogue systems and conversational agents. We describe an ensemble neural language generator, and present several novel methods for data representation and augmentation that yield improved results in our model. We test the model on three datasets in the restaurant, TV and laptop domains, and report both objective and subjective evaluations of our best model. Using a range of automatic metrics, as well as human evaluators, we show that our approach achieves better results than state-of-the-art models on the same datasets.
Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 16 May 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 2; 2023: 4; 2024: 3; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
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- 2023DP-OPT: Make Large Language Model Your Privacy-Preserving Prompt Engineercited by 57
- 2021Text-to-Table: A New Way of Information Extractioncited by 47
- 2021Controlling Hallucinations at Word Level in Data-to-Text Generationcited by 41
- 2021Neural Data-to-Text Generation with LM-based Text Augmentationcited by 22
- 2023Controlling Personality Style in Dialogue with Zero-Shot Prompt-Based Learningcited by 14
- 2021Jointly Improving Language Understanding and Generation with Quality-Weighted Weak Supervision of Automatic Labelingcited by 11
- 2021Attention Is Indeed All You Need: Semantically Attention-Guided Decoding for Data-to-Text NLGcited by 11
- 2022Innovations in Neural Data-to-text Generation: A Surveycited by 10
- 2021Search and Learn: Improving Semantic Coverage for Data-to-Text Generationcited by 8
- 2021AGGGEN: Ordering and Aggregating while Generatingcited by 7
- 2022Scientometric Review of Artificial Intelligence for Operations & Maintenance of Wind Turbines: The Past, Present and Futurecited by 4
- 2023Controllable Generation of Dialogue Acts for Dialogue Systems via Few-Shot Response Generation and Rankingcited by 4
8 more
- 2025OpeNLGauge: An Explainable Metric for NLG Evaluation with Open-Weights LLMscited by 4
- 2024An Extensive Evaluation of Factual Consistency in Large Language Models for Data-to-Text Generationcited by 2
- 2021Transforming Multi-Conditioned Generation from Meaning Representationcited by 1
- 2024Controllable Decontextualization of Yes/No Question and Answers into Factual Statementscited by 1
- 2024Impact of Model Size on Fine-tuned LLM Performance in Data-to-Text Generation: A State-of-the-Art Investigationcited by 1
- 2023Athena 2.0: Discourse and User Modeling in Open Domain Dialoguecited by 0
- 2025Factual Inconsistency in Data-to-Text Generation Scales Exponentially with LLM Size: A Statistical Validationcited by 0
- 2026VERITYGATE: A Four-Gate Schema-Level Faithfulness Framework and Paired Benchmark for Grounded LLM Narrations over Structured Evidencecited by 0
- 2026VERITYGATE: A Four-Gate Schema-Level Faithfulness Framework and Paired Benchmark for Grounded LLM Narrations over Structured Evidence30 Sep 2026
- 2025OpeNLGauge: An Explainable Metric for NLG Evaluation with Open-Weights LLMs14 Mar 2025
- 2025Factual Inconsistency in Data-to-Text Generation Scales Exponentially with LLM Size: A Statistical Validation17 Feb 2025
- 2024An Extensive Evaluation of Factual Consistency in Large Language Models for Data-to-Text Generation28 Nov 2024
- 2024Impact of Model Size on Fine-tuned LLM Performance in Data-to-Text Generation: A State-of-the-Art Investigation19 Jul 2024
- 2024Controllable Decontextualization of Yes/No Question and Answers into Factual Statements18 Jan 2024
- 2023DP-OPT: Make Large Language Model Your Privacy-Preserving Prompt Engineer27 Nov 2023
- 2023Athena 2.0: Discourse and User Modeling in Open Domain Dialogue3 Aug 2023
- 2023Controllable Generation of Dialogue Acts for Dialogue Systems via Few-Shot Response Generation and Ranking26 Jul 2023
- 2023Controlling Personality Style in Dialogue with Zero-Shot Prompt-Based Learning8 Feb 2023
- 2022Innovations in Neural Data-to-text Generation: A Survey25 Jul 2022
- 2022Scientometric Review of Artificial Intelligence for Operations & Maintenance of Wind Turbines: The Past, Present and Future30 Mar 2022
8 more
- 2021Search and Learn: Improving Semantic Coverage for Data-to-Text Generation6 Dec 2021
- 2021Attention Is Indeed All You Need: Semantically Attention-Guided Decoding for Data-to-Text NLG15 Sep 2021
- 2021Text-to-Table: A New Way of Information Extraction6 Sep 2021
- 2021AGGGEN: Ordering and Aggregating while Generating10 Jun 2021
- 2021Neural Data-to-Text Generation with LM-based Text Augmentation6 Feb 2021
- 2021Jointly Improving Language Understanding and Generation with Quality-Weighted Weak Supervision of Automatic Labeling6 Feb 2021
- 2021Controlling Hallucinations at Word Level in Data-to-Text Generation4 Feb 2021
- 2021Transforming Multi-Conditioned Generation from Meaning Representation12 Jan 2021
- 2023DP-OPT: Make Large Language Model Your Privacy-Preserving Prompt Engineercited by 57
- 2021Text-to-Table: A New Way of Information Extractioncited by 47
- 2021Controlling Hallucinations at Word Level in Data-to-Text Generationcited by 41
- 2021Neural Data-to-Text Generation with LM-based Text Augmentationcited by 22
- 2023Controlling Personality Style in Dialogue with Zero-Shot Prompt-Based Learningcited by 14
- 2021Jointly Improving Language Understanding and Generation with Quality-Weighted Weak Supervision of Automatic Labelingcited by 11
- 2021Attention Is Indeed All You Need: Semantically Attention-Guided Decoding for Data-to-Text NLGcited by 11
- 2022Innovations in Neural Data-to-text Generation: A Surveycited by 10
- 2021Search and Learn: Improving Semantic Coverage for Data-to-Text Generationcited by 8
- 2021AGGGEN: Ordering and Aggregating while Generatingcited by 7
- 2022Scientometric Review of Artificial Intelligence for Operations & Maintenance of Wind Turbines: The Past, Present and Futurecited by 4
- 2023Controllable Generation of Dialogue Acts for Dialogue Systems via Few-Shot Response Generation and Rankingcited by 4
12 most cited of 20 All 20 (JSON)
- 2026VERITYGATE: A Four-Gate Schema-Level Faithfulness Framework and Paired Benchmark for Grounded LLM Narrations over Structured Evidence30 Sep 2026
- 2025OpeNLGauge: An Explainable Metric for NLG Evaluation with Open-Weights LLMs14 Mar 2025
- 2025Factual Inconsistency in Data-to-Text Generation Scales Exponentially with LLM Size: A Statistical Validation17 Feb 2025
- 2024An Extensive Evaluation of Factual Consistency in Large Language Models for Data-to-Text Generation28 Nov 2024
- 2024Impact of Model Size on Fine-tuned LLM Performance in Data-to-Text Generation: A State-of-the-Art Investigation19 Jul 2024
- 2024Controllable Decontextualization of Yes/No Question and Answers into Factual Statements18 Jan 2024
- 2023DP-OPT: Make Large Language Model Your Privacy-Preserving Prompt Engineer27 Nov 2023
- 2023Athena 2.0: Discourse and User Modeling in Open Domain Dialogue3 Aug 2023
- 2023Controllable Generation of Dialogue Acts for Dialogue Systems via Few-Shot Response Generation and Ranking26 Jul 2023
- 2023Controlling Personality Style in Dialogue with Zero-Shot Prompt-Based Learning8 Feb 2023
- 2022Innovations in Neural Data-to-text Generation: A Survey25 Jul 2022
- 2022Scientometric Review of Artificial Intelligence for Operations & Maintenance of Wind Turbines: The Past, Present and Future30 Mar 2022
12 newest of 20 All 20 (JSON)