Phrase-Indexed Question Answering: A New Challenge for Scalable Document Comprehension
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Abstract (arXiv)
We formalize a new modular variant of current question answering tasks by enforcing complete independence of the document encoder from the question encoder. This formulation addresses a key challenge in machine comprehension by requiring a standalone representation of the document discourse. It additionally leads to a significant scalability advantage since the encoding of the answer candidate phrases in the document can be pre-computed and indexed offline for efficient retrieval. We experiment with baseline models for the new task, which achieve a reasonable accuracy but significantly underperform unconstrained QA models. We invite the QA research community to engage in Phrase-Indexed Question Answering (PIQA, pika) for closing the gap. The leaderboard is at: nlp.cs.washington.edu/piqa
Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 20 Apr 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 4; 2023: 3; 2024: 2; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.
23 papers.
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- 2021PAQ: 65 Million Probably-Asked Questions and What You Can Do With Themcited by 200
- 2021Retrieving and Reading: A Comprehensive Survey on Open-domain Question Answeringcited by 178
- 2021The Benchmark Lotterycited by 136
- 2023The Generative AI Paradox: "What It Can Create, It May Not Understand"cited by 98
- 2024To Code, or Not To Code? Exploring Impact of Code in Pre-trainingcited by 47
- 2021Learning to Retrieve Passages without Supervisioncited by 46
- 2021Phrase-BERT: Improved Phrase Embeddings from BERT with an Application to Corpus Explorationcited by 44
- 2022Nonparametric Masked Language Modelingcited by 40
- 2021Phrase Retrieval Learns Passage Retrieval, Toocited by 33
- 2023Copy Is All You Needcited by 27
- 2021Question Answering Infused Pre-training of General-Purpose Contextualized Representationscited by 19
- 2021Reasoning Over Virtual Knowledge Bases With Open Predicate Relationscited by 18
11 more
- 2023Evaluating Embedding APIs for Information Retrievalcited by 11
- 2021MOLEMAN: Mention-Only Linking of Entities with a Mention Annotation Networkcited by 10
- 2022QA Is the New KR: Question-Answer Pairs as Knowledge Basescited by 6
- 2022Two-Step Question Retrieval for Open-Domain QAcited by 4
- 2021Simple and Efficient ways to Improve REALMcited by 3
- 2021EfficientQA : a RoBERTa Based Phrase-Indexed Question-Answering Systemcited by 2
- 2021Generative Context Pair Selection for Multi-hop Question Answeringcited by 2
- 2025Learning Obfuscations Of LLM Embedding Sequences: Stained Glass Transformcited by 2
- 2022Bridging the Training-Inference Gap for Dense Phrase Retrievalcited by 1
- 2024Cross-lingual Contextualized Phrase Retrievalcited by 1
- 20261-Bit Wonder: Improving QAT Performance in the Low-Bit Regime through K-Means Quantizationcited by 1
- 20261-Bit Wonder: Improving QAT Performance in the Low-Bit Regime through K-Means Quantization17 Feb 2026
- 2025Learning Obfuscations Of LLM Embedding Sequences: Stained Glass Transform11 Jun 2025
- 2024To Code, or Not To Code? Exploring Impact of Code in Pre-training20 Aug 2024
- 2024Cross-lingual Contextualized Phrase Retrieval25 Mar 2024
- 2023The Generative AI Paradox: "What It Can Create, It May Not Understand"31 Oct 2023
- 2023Copy Is All You Need13 Jul 2023
- 2023Evaluating Embedding APIs for Information Retrieval10 May 2023
- 2022Nonparametric Masked Language Modeling2 Dec 2022
- 2022Bridging the Training-Inference Gap for Dense Phrase Retrieval25 Oct 2022
- 2022QA Is the New KR: Question-Answer Pairs as Knowledge Bases1 Jul 2022
- 2022Two-Step Question Retrieval for Open-Domain QA19 May 2022
- 2021Learning to Retrieve Passages without Supervision14 Dec 2021
11 more
- 2021Phrase Retrieval Learns Passage Retrieval, Too16 Sep 2021
- 2021Phrase-BERT: Improved Phrase Embeddings from BERT with an Application to Corpus Exploration13 Sep 2021
- 2021The Benchmark Lottery14 Jul 2021
- 2021Question Answering Infused Pre-training of General-Purpose Contextualized Representations15 Jun 2021
- 2021MOLEMAN: Mention-Only Linking of Entities with a Mention Annotation Network2 Jun 2021
- 2021Generative Context Pair Selection for Multi-hop Question Answering18 Apr 2021
- 2021Simple and Efficient ways to Improve REALM18 Apr 2021
- 2021Reasoning Over Virtual Knowledge Bases With Open Predicate Relations14 Feb 2021
- 2021PAQ: 65 Million Probably-Asked Questions and What You Can Do With Them13 Feb 2021
- 2021EfficientQA : a RoBERTa Based Phrase-Indexed Question-Answering System6 Jan 2021
- 2021Retrieving and Reading: A Comprehensive Survey on Open-domain Question Answering4 Jan 2021
- 2021PAQ: 65 Million Probably-Asked Questions and What You Can Do With Themcited by 200
- 2021Retrieving and Reading: A Comprehensive Survey on Open-domain Question Answeringcited by 178
- 2021The Benchmark Lotterycited by 136
- 2023The Generative AI Paradox: "What It Can Create, It May Not Understand"cited by 98
- 2024To Code, or Not To Code? Exploring Impact of Code in Pre-trainingcited by 47
- 2021Learning to Retrieve Passages without Supervisioncited by 46
- 2021Phrase-BERT: Improved Phrase Embeddings from BERT with an Application to Corpus Explorationcited by 44
- 2022Nonparametric Masked Language Modelingcited by 40
- 2021Phrase Retrieval Learns Passage Retrieval, Toocited by 33
- 2023Copy Is All You Needcited by 27
- 2021Question Answering Infused Pre-training of General-Purpose Contextualized Representationscited by 19
- 2021Reasoning Over Virtual Knowledge Bases With Open Predicate Relationscited by 18
12 most cited of 23 All 23 (JSON)
- 20261-Bit Wonder: Improving QAT Performance in the Low-Bit Regime through K-Means Quantization17 Feb 2026
- 2025Learning Obfuscations Of LLM Embedding Sequences: Stained Glass Transform11 Jun 2025
- 2024To Code, or Not To Code? Exploring Impact of Code in Pre-training20 Aug 2024
- 2024Cross-lingual Contextualized Phrase Retrieval25 Mar 2024
- 2023The Generative AI Paradox: "What It Can Create, It May Not Understand"31 Oct 2023
- 2023Copy Is All You Need13 Jul 2023
- 2023Evaluating Embedding APIs for Information Retrieval10 May 2023
- 2022Nonparametric Masked Language Modeling2 Dec 2022
- 2022Bridging the Training-Inference Gap for Dense Phrase Retrieval25 Oct 2022
- 2022QA Is the New KR: Question-Answer Pairs as Knowledge Bases1 Jul 2022
- 2022Two-Step Question Retrieval for Open-Domain QA19 May 2022
- 2021Learning to Retrieve Passages without Supervision14 Dec 2021
12 newest of 23 All 23 (JSON)