REGAL: Representation Learning-based Graph Alignment
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Abstract (arXiv)
Problems involving multiple networks are prevalent in many scientific and other domains. In particular, network alignment, or the task of identifying corresponding nodes in different networks, has applications across the social and natural sciences. Motivated by recent advancements in node representation learning for single-graph tasks, we propose REGAL (REpresentation learning-based Graph ALignment), a framework that leverages the power of automatically-learned node representations to match nodes across different graphs. Within REGAL we devise xNetMF, an elegant and principled node embedding formulation that uniquely generalizes to multi-network problems. Our results demonstrate the utility and promise of unsupervised representation learning-based network alignment in terms of both speed and accuracy. REGAL runs up to 30x faster in the representation learning stage than comparable methods, outperforms existing network alignment methods by 20 to 30% accuracy on average, and scales to networks with millions of nodes each.
Key facts. Cited by 40 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Feb 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 11; 2023: 8; 2024: 3; 2025: 5; 2026: 6.
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- 2023Hierarchical Multi-Marginal Optimal Transport for Network Alignmentcited by 24
- 2021Simplicial Complex Representation Learningcited by 17
- 2021Generalizable Cross-Graph Embedding for GNN-based Congestion Predictioncited by 17
- 2023Robust Attributed Graph Alignment via Joint Structure Learning and Optimal Transportcited by 15
- 2023Graph Mixup with Soft Alignmentscited by 15
- 2023Domain-adaptive Message Passing Graph Neural Networkcited by 10
- 2025Joint Optimal Transport and Embedding for Network Alignmentcited by 10
- 2025PLANETALIGN: A Comprehensive Python Library for Benchmarking Network Alignmentcited by 10
- 2021Node Proximity Is All You Need: Unified Structural and Positional Node and Graph Embeddingcited by 9
- 2023Spectral Augmentations for Graph Contrastive Learningcited by 8
- 2022WL-Align: Weisfeiler-Lehman Relabeling for Aligning Users across Networks via Regularized Representation Learningcited by 7
- 2021A Survey on Role-Oriented Network Embeddingcited by 4
28 more
- 2022On the Power of Gradual Network Alignment Using Dual-Perception Similaritiescited by 4
- 2026Learning Structure-Semantic Evolution Trajectories for Graph Domain Adaptationcited by 4
- 2021Co-clustering Vertices and Hyperedges via Spectral Hypergraph Partitioningcited by 3
- 2022Lost in the Shuffle: Testing Power in the Presence of Errorful Network Vertex Labelscited by 3
- 2022Grad-Align+: Empowering Gradual Network Alignment Using Attribute Augmentationcited by 3
- 2022Towards Higher-order Topological Consistency for Unsupervised Network Alignmentcited by 3
- 2021Towards Improving Embedding Based Models of Social Network Alignment via Pseudo Anchorscited by 2
- 2023Zoo Guide to Network Embeddingcited by 2
- 2024CombAlign: Enhancing Model Expressiveness in Unsupervised Graph Alignmentcited by 2
- 2024Efficient Network Embedding by Approximate Equitable Partitionscited by 2
- 2026Inference Attacks Against Graph Generative Diffusion Modelscited by 2
- 2022Interactive Visual Pattern Search on Graph Data via Graph Representation Learningcited by 1
- 2022FadMan: Federated Anomaly Detection across Multiple Attributed Networkscited by 1
- 2022Image Keypoint Matching using Graph Neural Networkscited by 1
- 2022Digraphwave: Scalable Extraction of Structural Node Embeddings via Diffusion on Directed Graphscited by 1
- 2022CAPER: Coarsen, Align, Project, Refine - A General Multilevel Framework for Network Alignmentcited by 1
- 2023Centrality-Based Node Feature Augmentation for Robust Network Alignmentcited by 1
- 2021A Hidden Challenge of Link Prediction: Which Pairs to Check?cited by 0
- 2022SIGMA: A Structural Inconsistency Reducing Graph Matching Algorithmcited by 0
- 2023Robust Graph Matching Using An Unbalanced Hierarchical Optimal Transport Frameworkcited by 0
- 2024AMOSL: Adaptive Modality-wise Structure Learning in Multi-view Graph Neural Networks For Enhanced Unified Representationcited by 0
- 2025Network Alignmentcited by 0
- 2025NAEx: A Plug-and-Play Framework for Explaining Network Alignmentcited by 0
- 2025Graph Alignment via Dual-Pass Spectral Encoding and Latent Space Communicationcited by 0
- 2026Matching and mixing: Matchability of graphs under Markovian errorcited by 0
- 2026Towards Effective and Efficient Graph Alignment without Supervisioncited by 0
- 2026Scalable Optimal Transport Algorithm for Network Alignmentcited by 0
- 2026Unsupervised Multi-Scale Gromov-Wasserstein Hypergraph Alignmentcited by 0
- 2026Unsupervised Multi-Scale Gromov-Wasserstein Hypergraph Alignment30 Aug 2026
- 2026Scalable Optimal Transport Algorithm for Network Alignment11 Jul 2026
- 2026Towards Effective and Efficient Graph Alignment without Supervision9 Mar 2026
- 2026Learning Structure-Semantic Evolution Trajectories for Graph Domain Adaptation11 Feb 2026
- 2026Matching and mixing: Matchability of graphs under Markovian error27 Jan 2026
- 2026Inference Attacks Against Graph Generative Diffusion Models7 Jan 2026
- 2025Graph Alignment via Dual-Pass Spectral Encoding and Latent Space Communication11 Sep 2025
- 2025NAEx: A Plug-and-Play Framework for Explaining Network Alignment5 Aug 2025
- 2025PLANETALIGN: A Comprehensive Python Library for Benchmarking Network Alignment27 May 2025
- 2025Network Alignment15 Apr 2025
- 2025Joint Optimal Transport and Embedding for Network Alignment26 Feb 2025
- 2024Efficient Network Embedding by Approximate Equitable Partitions16 Sep 2024
28 more
- 2024CombAlign: Enhancing Model Expressiveness in Unsupervised Graph Alignment19 Jun 2024
- 2024AMOSL: Adaptive Modality-wise Structure Learning in Multi-view Graph Neural Networks For Enhanced Unified Representation4 Jun 2024
- 2023Robust Graph Matching Using An Unbalanced Hierarchical Optimal Transport Framework18 Oct 2023
- 2023Hierarchical Multi-Marginal Optimal Transport for Network Alignment6 Oct 2023
- 2023Domain-adaptive Message Passing Graph Neural Network31 Aug 2023
- 2023Graph Mixup with Soft Alignments11 Jun 2023
- 2023Zoo Guide to Network Embedding5 May 2023
- 2023Centrality-Based Node Feature Augmentation for Robust Network Alignment25 Apr 2023
- 2023Spectral Augmentations for Graph Contrastive Learning6 Feb 2023
- 2023Robust Attributed Graph Alignment via Joint Structure Learning and Optimal Transport30 Jan 2023
- 2022WL-Align: Weisfeiler-Lehman Relabeling for Aligning Users across Networks via Regularized Representation Learning29 Dec 2022
- 2022Towards Higher-order Topological Consistency for Unsupervised Network Alignment26 Aug 2022
- 2022Grad-Align+: Empowering Gradual Network Alignment Using Attribute Augmentation23 Aug 2022
- 2022CAPER: Coarsen, Align, Project, Refine - A General Multilevel Framework for Network Alignment23 Aug 2022
- 2022Lost in the Shuffle: Testing Power in the Presence of Errorful Network Vertex Labels18 Aug 2022
- 2022Digraphwave: Scalable Extraction of Structural Node Embeddings via Diffusion on Directed Graphs20 Jul 2022
- 2022Image Keypoint Matching using Graph Neural Networks27 May 2022
- 2022FadMan: Federated Anomaly Detection across Multiple Attributed Networks27 May 2022
- 2022Interactive Visual Pattern Search on Graph Data via Graph Representation Learning18 Feb 2022
- 2022SIGMA: A Structural Inconsistency Reducing Graph Matching Algorithm6 Feb 2022
- 2022On the Power of Gradual Network Alignment Using Dual-Perception Similarities26 Jan 2022
- 2021Towards Improving Embedding Based Models of Social Network Alignment via Pseudo Anchors22 Nov 2021
- 2021Generalizable Cross-Graph Embedding for GNN-based Congestion Prediction10 Nov 2021
- 2021A Survey on Role-Oriented Network Embedding18 Jul 2021
- 2021Simplicial Complex Representation Learning6 Mar 2021
- 2021Node Proximity Is All You Need: Unified Structural and Positional Node and Graph Embedding26 Feb 2021
- 2021Co-clustering Vertices and Hyperedges via Spectral Hypergraph Partitioning19 Feb 2021
- 2021A Hidden Challenge of Link Prediction: Which Pairs to Check?15 Feb 2021
- 2023Hierarchical Multi-Marginal Optimal Transport for Network Alignmentcited by 24
- 2021Simplicial Complex Representation Learningcited by 17
- 2021Generalizable Cross-Graph Embedding for GNN-based Congestion Predictioncited by 17
- 2023Robust Attributed Graph Alignment via Joint Structure Learning and Optimal Transportcited by 15
- 2023Graph Mixup with Soft Alignmentscited by 15
- 2023Domain-adaptive Message Passing Graph Neural Networkcited by 10
- 2025Joint Optimal Transport and Embedding for Network Alignmentcited by 10
- 2025PLANETALIGN: A Comprehensive Python Library for Benchmarking Network Alignmentcited by 10
- 2021Node Proximity Is All You Need: Unified Structural and Positional Node and Graph Embeddingcited by 9
- 2023Spectral Augmentations for Graph Contrastive Learningcited by 8
- 2022WL-Align: Weisfeiler-Lehman Relabeling for Aligning Users across Networks via Regularized Representation Learningcited by 7
- 2021A Survey on Role-Oriented Network Embeddingcited by 4
12 most cited of 39 All 39 (JSON)
- 2026Unsupervised Multi-Scale Gromov-Wasserstein Hypergraph Alignment30 Aug 2026
- 2026Scalable Optimal Transport Algorithm for Network Alignment11 Jul 2026
- 2026Towards Effective and Efficient Graph Alignment without Supervision9 Mar 2026
- 2026Learning Structure-Semantic Evolution Trajectories for Graph Domain Adaptation11 Feb 2026
- 2026Matching and mixing: Matchability of graphs under Markovian error27 Jan 2026
- 2025Graph Alignment via Dual-Pass Spectral Encoding and Latent Space Communication11 Sep 2025
- 2025NAEx: A Plug-and-Play Framework for Explaining Network Alignment5 Aug 2025
- 2025PLANETALIGN: A Comprehensive Python Library for Benchmarking Network Alignment27 May 2025
- 2025Network Alignment15 Apr 2025
- 2025Joint Optimal Transport and Embedding for Network Alignment26 Feb 2025
- 2024Efficient Network Embedding by Approximate Equitable Partitions16 Sep 2024
- 2024CombAlign: Enhancing Model Expressiveness in Unsupervised Graph Alignment19 Jun 2024
12 newest of 39 All 39 (JSON)