mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Beyond Grand Theft Auto V for Training, Testing and Enhancing Deep Learning in Self Driving Cars

arXiv 1712.01397 ↗First posted 4 Dec 2017cs.CVcited by 26

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Abstract (arXiv)

As an initial assessment, over 480,000 labeled virtual images of normal highway driving were readily generated in Grand Theft Auto V's virtual environment. Using these images, a CNN was trained to detect following distance to cars/objects ahead, lane markings, and driving angle (angular heading relative to lane centerline): all variables necessary for basic autonomous driving. Encouraging results were obtained when tested on over 50,000 labeled virtual images from substantially different GTA-V driving environments. This initial assessment begins to define both the range and scope of the labeled images needed for training as well as the range and scope of labeled images needed for testing the definition of boundaries and limitations of trained networks. It is the efficacy and flexibility of a "GTA-V"-like virtual environment that is expected to provide an efficient well-defined foundation for the training and testing of Convolutional Neural Networks for safe driving. Additionally, described is the Princeton Virtual Environment (PVE) for the training, testing and enhancement of safe driving AI, which is being developed using the video-game engine Unity. PVE is being developed to recreate rare but critical corner cases that can be used in re-training and enhancing machine learning models and understanding the limitations of current self driving models. The Florida Tesla crash is being used as an initial reference.

Key facts. Cited by 26 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 Dec 2017.

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 1; 2023: 6; 2024: 6; 2025: 4; 2026: 3.

26 papers.

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  1. 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontierscited by 490
  2. 2021MetaDrive: Composing Diverse Driving Scenarios for Generalizable Reinforcement Learningcited by 290
  3. 2021TrafficSim: Learning to Simulate Realistic Multi-Agent Behaviorscited by 193
  4. 2023Waymax: An Accelerated, Data-Driven Simulator for Large-Scale Autonomous Driving Researchcited by 160
  5. 2021GeoSim: Realistic Video Simulation via Geometry-Aware Composition for Self-Drivingcited by 75
  6. 2024GPUDrive: Data-driven, multi-agent driving simulation at 1 million FPScited by 45
  7. 2021Learning to Simulate Self-Driven Particles System with Coordinated Policy Optimizationcited by 33
  8. 2024Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 32
  9. 2023Choose Your Simulator Wisely: A Review on Open-source Simulators for Autonomous Drivingcited by 26
  10. 2024MetaUrban: An Embodied AI Simulation Platform for Urban Micromobilitycited by 21
  11. 2025Towards Autonomous Micromobility through Scalable Urban Simulationcited by 16
  12. 2024Anything in Any Scene: Photorealistic Video Object Insertioncited by 9
14 more
  1. 2026BridgeSim: Unveiling the OL-CL Gap in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 9
  2. 2023FusionPlanner: A Multi-task Motion Planner for Mining Trucks via Multi-sensor Fusioncited by 7
  3. 2021End-to-End Intersection Handling using Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 6
  4. 2025UrbanVerse: Scaling Urban Simulation by Watching City-Tour Videoscited by 5
  5. 2023Convolutional Networks with Oriented 1D Kernelscited by 3
  6. 2025Getting SMARTER for Motion Planning in Autonomous Driving Systemscited by 3
  7. 2021Partially fake it till you make it: mixing real and fake thermal images for improved object detectioncited by 2
  8. 2022Domain Translation via Latent Space Mappingcited by 2
  9. 2024End-To-End Training and Testing Gamification Framework to Learn Human Highway Drivingcited by 2
  10. 2025Unlocking Efficient Vehicle Dynamics Modeling via Analytic World Modelscited by 1
  11. 2023Supervised Virtual-to-Real Domain Adaptation for Object Detection Task using YOLOcited by 0
  12. 2024Autonomous Driving with a Deep Dual-Model Solution for Steering and Braking Controlcited by 0
  13. 2026PairedGTA: Generating Driving Datasets for Controlled Photometric Shift Analysiscited by 0
  14. 2026DreamStream: Towards Policy-Oriented Generative Simulation for End-to-End Drivingcited by 0