mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Recognizing Explicit and Implicit Hate Speech Using a Weakly Supervised Two-path Bootstrapping Approach

arXiv 1710.07394 ↗First posted 20 Oct 2017cs.CLcited by 17

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Abstract (arXiv)

In the wake of a polarizing election, social media is laden with hateful content. To address various limitations of supervised hate speech classification methods including corpus bias and huge cost of annotation, we propose a weakly supervised two-path bootstrapping approach for an online hate speech detection model leveraging large-scale unlabeled data. This system significantly outperforms hate speech detection systems that are trained in a supervised manner using manually annotated data. Applying this model on a large quantity of tweets collected before, after, and on election day reveals motivations and patterns of inflammatory language.

Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 20 Oct 2017.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 2; 2023: 2; 2024: 4; 2025: 5.

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  1. 2021Latent Hatred: A Benchmark for Understanding Implicit Hate Speechcited by 216
  2. 2021Towards generalisable hate speech detection: a review on obstacles and solutionscited by 66
  3. 2021HateBR: A Large Expert Annotated Corpus of Brazilian Instagram Comments for Offensive Language and Hate Speech Detectioncited by 15
  4. 2021Lifelong Learning of Hate Speech Classification on Social Mediacited by 14
  5. 2024Tox-BART: Leveraging Toxicity Attributes for Explanation Generation of Implicit Hate Speechcited by 11
  6. 2024"Cold, Calculated, and Condescending": How AI Identifies and Explains Ableism Compared to Disabled Peoplecited by 9
  7. 2023Revisiting Hate Speech Benchmarks: From Data Curation to System Deploymentcited by 7
  8. 2022Hidden behind the obvious: misleading keywords and implicitly abusive language on social mediacited by 6
  9. 2024Making FETCH! Happen: Finding Emergent Dog Whistles Through Common Habitatscited by 6
  10. 2025A Modular Taxonomy for Hate Speech Definitions and Its Impact on Zero-Shot LLM Classification Performancecited by 6
  11. 2023Towards Weakly-Supervised Hate Speech Classification Across Datasetscited by 2
  12. 2025Cracking the Code: Enhancing Implicit Hate Speech Detection through Coding Classificationcited by 2
5 more
  1. 2022How Much Hate with #china? A Preliminary Analysis on China-related Hateful Tweets Two Years After the Covid Pandemic Begancited by 1
  2. 2025Evolving Hate Speech Online: An Adaptive Framework for Detection and Mitigationcited by 1
  3. 2025AmpleHate: Amplifying the Attention for Versatile Implicit Hate Detectioncited by 1
  4. 2025Specializing General-purpose LLM Embeddings for Implicit Hate Speech Detection across Datasetscited by 1
  5. 2024The Unappreciated Role of Intent in Algorithmic Moderation of Social Media Contentcited by 0