mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Multi-Label Classification of Patient Notes a Case Study on ICD Code Assignment

arXiv 1709.09587 ↗First posted 27 Sep 2017cs.CL cs.AIcited by 37

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

In the context of the Electronic Health Record, automated diagnosis coding of patient notes is a useful task, but a challenging one due to the large number of codes and the length of patient notes. We investigate four models for assigning multiple ICD codes to discharge summaries taken from both MIMIC II and III. We present Hierarchical Attention-GRU (HA-GRU), a hierarchical approach to tag a document by identifying the sentences relevant for each label. HA-GRU achieves state-of-the art results. Furthermore, the learned sentence-level attention layer highlights the model decision process, allows easier error analysis, and suggests future directions for improvement.

Key facts. Cited by 37 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 27 Sep 2017.

Builds on

No reference list yet.

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 10; 2022: 14; 2023: 5; 2024: 5; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.

37 papers.

Sort:

  1. 2022PLM-ICD: Automatic ICD Coding with Pretrained Language Modelscited by 49
  2. 2021Does the Magic of BERT Apply to Medical Code Assignment? A Quantitative Studycited by 39
  3. 2021Neural Natural Language Processing for Unstructured Data in Electronic Health Records: a Reviewcited by 35
  4. 2022Automated Clinical Coding: What, Why, and Where We Are?cited by 33
  5. 2022A Unified Review of Deep Learning for Automated Medical Codingcited by 26
  6. 2021Towards BERT-based Automatic ICD Coding: Limitations and Opportunitiescited by 25
  7. 2021Read, Attend, and Code: Pushing the Limits of Medical Codes Prediction from Clinical Notes by Machinescited by 23
  8. 2022Multi-label classification for biomedical literature: an overview of the BioCreative VII LitCovid Track for COVID-19 literature topic annotationscited by 14
  9. 2021TransICD: Transformer Based Code-wise Attention Model for Explainable ICD Codingcited by 13
  10. 2022Hierarchical Label-wise Attention Transformer Model for Explainable ICD Codingcited by 13
  11. 2021A Systematic Literature Review of Automated ICD Coding and Classification Systems using Discharge Summariescited by 10
  12. 2022Classifying Unstructured Clinical Notes via Automatic Weak Supervisioncited by 7
25 more
  1. 2024Multi-stage Retrieve and Re-rank Model for Automatic Medical Coding Recommendationcited by 7
  2. 2022Medical Coding with Biomedical Transformer Ensembles and Zero/Few-shot Learningcited by 6
  3. 2022HiCu: Leveraging Hierarchy for Curriculum Learning in Automated ICD Codingcited by 6
  4. 2022Artificial Intelligence for In Silico Clinical Trials: A Reviewcited by 6
  5. 2022This Patient Looks Like That Patient: Prototypical Networks for Interpretable Diagnosis Prediction from Clinical Textcited by 6
  6. 2021Multitask Recalibrated Aggregation Network for Medical Code Predictioncited by 5
  7. 2021Modeling Diagnostic Label Correlation for Automatic ICD Codingcited by 5
  8. 2022Automated ICD Coding using Extreme Multi-label Long Text Transformer-based Modelscited by 5
  9. 2022BERT for Long Documents: A Case Study of Automated ICD Codingcited by 4
  10. 2023Towards Semi-Structured Automatic ICD Coding via Tree-based Contrastive Learningcited by 4
  11. 2022HieNet: Bidirectional Hierarchy Framework for Automated ICD Codingcited by 3
  12. 2024Auxiliary Knowledge-Induced Learning for Automatic Multi-Label Medical Document Classificationcited by 3
  13. 2021Inheritance-guided Hierarchical Assignment for Clinical Automatic Diagnosiscited by 2
  14. 2021Multi-target prediction for dummies using two-branch neural networkscited by 2
  15. 2023Multi label classification of Artificial Intelligence related patents using Modified D2SBERT and Sentence Attention mechanismcited by 2
  16. 2024Automatic Differential Diagnosis using Transformer-Based Multi-Label Sequence Classificationcited by 2
  17. 2024Large Language Model in Medical Informatics: Direct Classification and Enhanced Text Representations for Automatic ICD Codingcited by 2
  18. 2024Time-aware Heterogeneous Graph Transformer with Adaptive Attention Merging for Health Event Predictioncited by 1
  19. 2025RuCCoD: Towards Automated ICD Coding in Russiancited by 1
  20. 2022EDEN : An Event DEtection Network for the annotation of Breast Cancer recurrences in administrative claims datacited by 0
  21. 2023How can Deep Learning Retrieve the Write-Missing Additional Diagnosis from Chinese Electronic Medical Record For DRGcited by 0
  22. 2023Automatic ICD-10 Code Association: A Challenging Task on French Clinical Textscited by 0
  23. 2023ComplicaCode: Enhancing Disease Complication Detection in Electronic Health Records through ICD Path Generationcited by 0
  24. 2025Federated Learning for ICD Classification with Lightweight Models and Pretrained Embeddingscited by 0
  25. 2026Deep Label-Wise Attentive Temporal Convolutional Networks Improve Medical Codingcited by 0