mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Learning Continuous Semantic Representations of Symbolic Expressions

arXiv 1611.01423 ↗First posted 4 Nov 2016cs.LG cs.AIcited by 25

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Abstract (arXiv)

Combining abstract, symbolic reasoning with continuous neural reasoning is a grand challenge of representation learning. As a step in this direction, we propose a new architecture, called neural equivalence networks, for the problem of learning continuous semantic representations of algebraic and logical expressions. These networks are trained to represent semantic equivalence, even of expressions that are syntactically very different. The challenge is that semantic representations must be computed in a syntax-directed manner, because semantics is compositional, but at the same time, small changes in syntax can lead to very large changes in semantics, which can be difficult for continuous neural architectures. We perform an exhaustive evaluation on the task of checking equivalence on a highly diverse class of symbolic algebraic and boolean expression types, showing that our model significantly outperforms existing architectures.

Key facts. Cited by 25 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 Nov 2016.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 6; 2023: 3; 2024: 2; 2025: 5; 2026: 2.

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  1. 2021Neuro-Symbolic Artificial Intelligence: Current Trendscited by 54
  2. 2022Deep Symbolic Regression for Recurrent Sequencescited by 54
  3. 2022Towards Data-and Knowledge-Driven Artificial Intelligence: A Survey on Neuro-Symbolic Computingcited by 35
  4. 2021Pretrained Language Models are Symbolic Mathematics Solvers too!cited by 17
  5. 2022Simplifying Polylogarithms with Machine Learningcited by 15
  6. 2023Efficient Generator of Mathematical Expressions for Symbolic Regressioncited by 13
  7. 2021Embedding Symbolic Temporal Knowledge into Deep Sequential Modelscited by 11
  8. 2021Recognizing and Verifying Mathematical Equations using Multiplicative Differential Neural Unitscited by 8
  9. 2024Naturally Supervised 3D Visual Grounding with Language-Regularized Concept Learnerscited by 8
  10. 2021A Critical Review of Inductive Logic Programming Techniques for Explainable AIcited by 7
  11. 2024Learning Guided Automated Reasoning: A Brief Surveycited by 7
  12. 2021Generating Symbolic Reasoning Problems with Transformer GANscited by 5
13 more
  1. 2025Learning from Expert Factors: Trajectory-level Reward Shaping for Formulaic Alpha Miningcited by 5
  2. 2021A Study of Continuous Vector Representationsfor Theorem Provingcited by 4
  3. 2022Semantic Representations of Mathematical Expressions in a Continuous Vector Spacecited by 2
  4. 2023Learning from Noisy Crowd Labels with Logicscited by 2
  5. 2025EGG-SR: Embedding Symbolic Equivalence into Symbolic Regression via Equality Graphcited by 2
  6. 2022LAMNER: Code Comment Generation Using Character Language Model and Named Entity Recognitioncited by 1
  7. 2022Neural Controller Synthesis for Signal Temporal Logic Specifications Using Encoder-Decoder Structured Networkscited by 1
  8. 2025E-Gen: Leveraging E-Graphs to Improve Continuous Representations of Symbolic Expressionscited by 1
  9. 2026Symbolic Density Estimation for Discrete Distributionscited by 1
  10. 2023Epistemic Graph: A Plug-And-Play Module For Hybrid Representation Learningcited by 0
  11. 2025Toward Neurosymbolic Program Comprehensioncited by 0
  12. 2025Prime Convolutional Model: Breaking the Ground for Theoretical Explainabilitycited by 0
  13. 2026SNIP++: Fine-Grained Symbolic-Numerical Alignment for Symbolic Regressioncited by 0