Learning Continuous Semantic Representations of Symbolic Expressions
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Abstract (arXiv)
Combining abstract, symbolic reasoning with continuous neural reasoning is a grand challenge of representation learning. As a step in this direction, we propose a new architecture, called neural equivalence networks, for the problem of learning continuous semantic representations of algebraic and logical expressions. These networks are trained to represent semantic equivalence, even of expressions that are syntactically very different. The challenge is that semantic representations must be computed in a syntax-directed manner, because semantics is compositional, but at the same time, small changes in syntax can lead to very large changes in semantics, which can be difficult for continuous neural architectures. We perform an exhaustive evaluation on the task of checking equivalence on a highly diverse class of symbolic algebraic and boolean expression types, showing that our model significantly outperforms existing architectures.
Key facts. Cited by 25 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 Nov 2016.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 6; 2023: 3; 2024: 2; 2025: 5; 2026: 2.
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- 2021Neuro-Symbolic Artificial Intelligence: Current Trendscited by 54
- 2022Deep Symbolic Regression for Recurrent Sequencescited by 54
- 2022Towards Data-and Knowledge-Driven Artificial Intelligence: A Survey on Neuro-Symbolic Computingcited by 35
- 2021Pretrained Language Models are Symbolic Mathematics Solvers too!cited by 17
- 2022Simplifying Polylogarithms with Machine Learningcited by 15
- 2023Efficient Generator of Mathematical Expressions for Symbolic Regressioncited by 13
- 2021Embedding Symbolic Temporal Knowledge into Deep Sequential Modelscited by 11
- 2021Recognizing and Verifying Mathematical Equations using Multiplicative Differential Neural Unitscited by 8
- 2024Naturally Supervised 3D Visual Grounding with Language-Regularized Concept Learnerscited by 8
- 2021A Critical Review of Inductive Logic Programming Techniques for Explainable AIcited by 7
- 2024Learning Guided Automated Reasoning: A Brief Surveycited by 7
- 2021Generating Symbolic Reasoning Problems with Transformer GANscited by 5
13 more
- 2025Learning from Expert Factors: Trajectory-level Reward Shaping for Formulaic Alpha Miningcited by 5
- 2021A Study of Continuous Vector Representationsfor Theorem Provingcited by 4
- 2022Semantic Representations of Mathematical Expressions in a Continuous Vector Spacecited by 2
- 2023Learning from Noisy Crowd Labels with Logicscited by 2
- 2025EGG-SR: Embedding Symbolic Equivalence into Symbolic Regression via Equality Graphcited by 2
- 2022LAMNER: Code Comment Generation Using Character Language Model and Named Entity Recognitioncited by 1
- 2022Neural Controller Synthesis for Signal Temporal Logic Specifications Using Encoder-Decoder Structured Networkscited by 1
- 2025E-Gen: Leveraging E-Graphs to Improve Continuous Representations of Symbolic Expressionscited by 1
- 2026Symbolic Density Estimation for Discrete Distributionscited by 1
- 2023Epistemic Graph: A Plug-And-Play Module For Hybrid Representation Learningcited by 0
- 2025Toward Neurosymbolic Program Comprehensioncited by 0
- 2025Prime Convolutional Model: Breaking the Ground for Theoretical Explainabilitycited by 0
- 2026SNIP++: Fine-Grained Symbolic-Numerical Alignment for Symbolic Regressioncited by 0
- 2026SNIP++: Fine-Grained Symbolic-Numerical Alignment for Symbolic Regression25 Sep 2026
- 2026Symbolic Density Estimation for Discrete Distributions20 May 2026
- 2025EGG-SR: Embedding Symbolic Equivalence into Symbolic Regression via Equality Graph8 Nov 2025
- 2025Learning from Expert Factors: Trajectory-level Reward Shaping for Formulaic Alpha Mining27 Jul 2025
- 2025Prime Convolutional Model: Breaking the Ground for Theoretical Explainability4 Mar 2025
- 2025Toward Neurosymbolic Program Comprehension3 Feb 2025
- 2025E-Gen: Leveraging E-Graphs to Improve Continuous Representations of Symbolic Expressions24 Jan 2025
- 2024Naturally Supervised 3D Visual Grounding with Language-Regularized Concept Learners30 Apr 2024
- 2024Learning Guided Automated Reasoning: A Brief Survey6 Mar 2024
- 2023Epistemic Graph: A Plug-And-Play Module For Hybrid Representation Learning30 May 2023
- 2023Efficient Generator of Mathematical Expressions for Symbolic Regression20 Feb 2023
- 2023Learning from Noisy Crowd Labels with Logics13 Feb 2023
13 more
- 2022Neural Controller Synthesis for Signal Temporal Logic Specifications Using Encoder-Decoder Structured Networks10 Dec 2022
- 2022Towards Data-and Knowledge-Driven Artificial Intelligence: A Survey on Neuro-Symbolic Computing28 Oct 2022
- 2022Semantic Representations of Mathematical Expressions in a Continuous Vector Space8 Oct 2022
- 2022Simplifying Polylogarithms with Machine Learning8 Jun 2022
- 2022LAMNER: Code Comment Generation Using Character Language Model and Named Entity Recognition5 Apr 2022
- 2022Deep Symbolic Regression for Recurrent Sequences12 Jan 2022
- 2021A Critical Review of Inductive Logic Programming Techniques for Explainable AI31 Dec 2021
- 2021Generating Symbolic Reasoning Problems with Transformer GANs19 Oct 2021
- 2021Pretrained Language Models are Symbolic Mathematics Solvers too!7 Oct 2021
- 2021Neuro-Symbolic Artificial Intelligence: Current Trends11 May 2021
- 2021Recognizing and Verifying Mathematical Equations using Multiplicative Differential Neural Units7 Apr 2021
- 2021Embedding Symbolic Temporal Knowledge into Deep Sequential Models28 Jan 2021
- 2021A Study of Continuous Vector Representationsfor Theorem Proving22 Jan 2021
- 2024Learning Guided Automated Reasoning: A Brief Surveycited by 7
- 2024Learning Guided Automated Reasoning: A Brief Survey6 Mar 2024
- 2021Neuro-Symbolic Artificial Intelligence: Current Trendscited by 54
- 2022Deep Symbolic Regression for Recurrent Sequencescited by 54
- 2022Towards Data-and Knowledge-Driven Artificial Intelligence: A Survey on Neuro-Symbolic Computingcited by 35
- 2021Pretrained Language Models are Symbolic Mathematics Solvers too!cited by 17
- 2022Simplifying Polylogarithms with Machine Learningcited by 15
- 2023Efficient Generator of Mathematical Expressions for Symbolic Regressioncited by 13
- 2021Recognizing and Verifying Mathematical Equations using Multiplicative Differential Neural Unitscited by 8
- 2024Naturally Supervised 3D Visual Grounding with Language-Regularized Concept Learnerscited by 8
- 2021A Critical Review of Inductive Logic Programming Techniques for Explainable AIcited by 7
- 2021Generating Symbolic Reasoning Problems with Transformer GANscited by 5
- 2021A Study of Continuous Vector Representationsfor Theorem Provingcited by 4
- 2022Semantic Representations of Mathematical Expressions in a Continuous Vector Spacecited by 2
12 most cited of 22 All 22 (JSON)
- 2026SNIP++: Fine-Grained Symbolic-Numerical Alignment for Symbolic Regression25 Sep 2026
- 2026Symbolic Density Estimation for Discrete Distributions20 May 2026
- 2025EGG-SR: Embedding Symbolic Equivalence into Symbolic Regression via Equality Graph8 Nov 2025
- 2025Prime Convolutional Model: Breaking the Ground for Theoretical Explainability4 Mar 2025
- 2025Toward Neurosymbolic Program Comprehension3 Feb 2025
- 2025E-Gen: Leveraging E-Graphs to Improve Continuous Representations of Symbolic Expressions24 Jan 2025
- 2024Naturally Supervised 3D Visual Grounding with Language-Regularized Concept Learners30 Apr 2024
- 2023Epistemic Graph: A Plug-And-Play Module For Hybrid Representation Learning30 May 2023
- 2023Efficient Generator of Mathematical Expressions for Symbolic Regression20 Feb 2023
- 2023Learning from Noisy Crowd Labels with Logics13 Feb 2023
- 2022Neural Controller Synthesis for Signal Temporal Logic Specifications Using Encoder-Decoder Structured Networks10 Dec 2022
- 2022Towards Data-and Knowledge-Driven Artificial Intelligence: A Survey on Neuro-Symbolic Computing28 Oct 2022
12 newest of 22 All 22 (JSON)