Bridging Neural Machine Translation and Bilingual Dictionaries
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Abstract (arXiv)
Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has become the new state-of-the-art in several language pairs. However, it remains a challenging problem how to integrate NMT with a bilingual dictionary which mainly contains words rarely or never seen in the bilingual training data. In this paper, we propose two methods to bridge NMT and the bilingual dictionaries. The core idea behind is to design novel models that transform the bilingual dictionaries into adequate sentence pairs, so that NMT can distil latent bilingual mappings from the ample and repetitive phenomena. One method leverages a mixed word/character model and the other attempts at synthesizing parallel sentences guaranteeing massive occurrence of the translation lexicon. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed methods can remarkably improve the translation quality, and most of the rare words in the test sentences can obtain correct translations if they are covered by the dictionary.
Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 24 Oct 2016.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 1; 2023: 4; 2024: 5; 2025: 3.
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- 2023Dictionary-based Phrase-level Prompting of Large Language Models for Machine Translationcited by 74
- 2023TIM: Teaching Large Language Models to Translate with Comparisoncited by 50
- 2021Domain Adaptation and Multi-Domain Adaptation for Neural Machine Translation: A Surveycited by 46
- 2021A Survey on Low-Resource Neural Machine Translationcited by 16
- 2023Chain-of-Dictionary Prompting Elicits Translation in Large Language Modelscited by 16
- 2021Continuous Learning in Neural Machine Translation using Bilingual Dictionariescited by 11
- 2024Dictionary Insertion Prompting for Multilingual Reasoning on Multilingual Large Language Modelscited by 4
- 2021Improving Lexically Constrained Neural Machine Translation with Source-Conditioned Masked Span Predictioncited by 3
- 2021Bilingual Dictionary-based Language Model Pretraining for Neural Machine Translationcited by 2
- 2022Domain Adaptation in Neural Machine Translation using a Qualia-Enriched FrameNetcited by 2
- 2023Extract and Attend: Improving Entity Translation in Neural Machine Translationcited by 2
- 2024A Morphologically-Aware Dictionary-based Data Augmentation Technique for Machine Translation of Under-Represented Languagescited by 2
6 more
- 2024Improving Rare Word Translation With Dictionaries and Attention Maskingcited by 2
- 2024Refining Translations with LLMs: A Constraint-Aware Iterative Prompting Approachcited by 2
- 2024Cross-lingual Contextualized Phrase Retrievalcited by 1
- 2025SLoW: Select Low-frequency Words! Automatic Dictionary Selection for Translation on Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2025MedCOD: Enhancing English-to-Spanish Medical Translation of Large Language Models Using Enriched Chain-of-Dictionary Frameworkcited by 0
- 2025LLMs for Low-Resource Dialect Translation Using Context-Aware Prompting: A Case Study on Sylheticited by 0
- 2025LLMs for Low-Resource Dialect Translation Using Context-Aware Prompting: A Case Study on Sylheti24 Nov 2025
- 2025MedCOD: Enhancing English-to-Spanish Medical Translation of Large Language Models Using Enriched Chain-of-Dictionary Framework31 Aug 2025
- 2025SLoW: Select Low-frequency Words! Automatic Dictionary Selection for Translation on Large Language Models25 Jul 2025
- 2024Refining Translations with LLMs: A Constraint-Aware Iterative Prompting Approach13 Nov 2024
- 2024Dictionary Insertion Prompting for Multilingual Reasoning on Multilingual Large Language Models2 Nov 2024
- 2024Improving Rare Word Translation With Dictionaries and Attention Masking17 Aug 2024
- 2024Cross-lingual Contextualized Phrase Retrieval25 Mar 2024
- 2024A Morphologically-Aware Dictionary-based Data Augmentation Technique for Machine Translation of Under-Represented Languages2 Feb 2024
- 2023TIM: Teaching Large Language Models to Translate with Comparison10 Jul 2023
- 2023Extract and Attend: Improving Entity Translation in Neural Machine Translation4 Jun 2023
- 2023Chain-of-Dictionary Prompting Elicits Translation in Large Language Models11 May 2023
- 2023Dictionary-based Phrase-level Prompting of Large Language Models for Machine Translation15 Feb 2023
6 more
- 2022Domain Adaptation in Neural Machine Translation using a Qualia-Enriched FrameNet21 Feb 2022
- 2021A Survey on Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation9 Jul 2021
- 2021Improving Lexically Constrained Neural Machine Translation with Source-Conditioned Masked Span Prediction12 May 2021
- 2021Domain Adaptation and Multi-Domain Adaptation for Neural Machine Translation: A Survey14 Apr 2021
- 2021Bilingual Dictionary-based Language Model Pretraining for Neural Machine Translation12 Mar 2021
- 2021Continuous Learning in Neural Machine Translation using Bilingual Dictionaries12 Feb 2021
- 2023Dictionary-based Phrase-level Prompting of Large Language Models for Machine Translationcited by 74
- 2023TIM: Teaching Large Language Models to Translate with Comparisoncited by 50
- 2021Domain Adaptation and Multi-Domain Adaptation for Neural Machine Translation: A Surveycited by 46
- 2021A Survey on Low-Resource Neural Machine Translationcited by 16
- 2023Chain-of-Dictionary Prompting Elicits Translation in Large Language Modelscited by 16
- 2021Continuous Learning in Neural Machine Translation using Bilingual Dictionariescited by 11
- 2021Improving Lexically Constrained Neural Machine Translation with Source-Conditioned Masked Span Predictioncited by 3
- 2021Bilingual Dictionary-based Language Model Pretraining for Neural Machine Translationcited by 2
- 2022Domain Adaptation in Neural Machine Translation using a Qualia-Enriched FrameNetcited by 2
- 2023Extract and Attend: Improving Entity Translation in Neural Machine Translationcited by 2
- 2024A Morphologically-Aware Dictionary-based Data Augmentation Technique for Machine Translation of Under-Represented Languagescited by 2
- 2024Improving Rare Word Translation With Dictionaries and Attention Maskingcited by 2
12 most cited of 17 All 17 (JSON)
- 2025LLMs for Low-Resource Dialect Translation Using Context-Aware Prompting: A Case Study on Sylheti24 Nov 2025
- 2025MedCOD: Enhancing English-to-Spanish Medical Translation of Large Language Models Using Enriched Chain-of-Dictionary Framework31 Aug 2025
- 2025SLoW: Select Low-frequency Words! Automatic Dictionary Selection for Translation on Large Language Models25 Jul 2025
- 2024Refining Translations with LLMs: A Constraint-Aware Iterative Prompting Approach13 Nov 2024
- 2024Improving Rare Word Translation With Dictionaries and Attention Masking17 Aug 2024
- 2024Cross-lingual Contextualized Phrase Retrieval25 Mar 2024
- 2024A Morphologically-Aware Dictionary-based Data Augmentation Technique for Machine Translation of Under-Represented Languages2 Feb 2024
- 2023TIM: Teaching Large Language Models to Translate with Comparison10 Jul 2023
- 2023Extract and Attend: Improving Entity Translation in Neural Machine Translation4 Jun 2023
- 2023Chain-of-Dictionary Prompting Elicits Translation in Large Language Models11 May 2023
- 2023Dictionary-based Phrase-level Prompting of Large Language Models for Machine Translation15 Feb 2023
- 2022Domain Adaptation in Neural Machine Translation using a Qualia-Enriched FrameNet21 Feb 2022
12 newest of 17 All 17 (JSON)