Kek, Cucks, and God Emperor Trump: A Measurement Study of 4chan's Politically Incorrect Forum and Its Effects on the Web
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Abstract (arXiv)
The discussion-board site 4chan has been part of the Internet's dark underbelly since its inception, and recent political events have put it increasingly in the spotlight. In particular, /pol/, the "Politically Incorrect" board, has been a central figure in the outlandish 2016 US election season, as it has often been linked to the alt-right movement and its rhetoric of hate and racism. However, 4chan remains relatively unstudied by the scientific community: little is known about its user base, the content it generates, and how it affects other parts of the Web. In this paper, we start addressing this gap by analyzing /pol/ along several axes, using a dataset of over 8M posts we collected over two and a half months. First, we perform a general characterization, showing that /pol/ users are well distributed around the world and that 4chan's unique features encourage fresh discussions. We also analyze content, finding, for instance, that YouTube links and hate speech are predominant on /pol/. Overall, our analysis not only provides the first measurement study of /pol/, but also insight into online harassment and hate speech trends in social media.
Key facts. Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 11 Oct 2016.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 4; 2023: 5; 2024: 1; 2025: 4.
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- 2023Unsafe Diffusion: On the Generation of Unsafe Images and Hateful Memes From Text-To-Image Modelscited by 175
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- 2022Feels Bad Man: Dissecting Automated Hateful Meme Detection Through the Lens of Facebook's Challengecited by 1
- 2023minOffense: Inter-Agreement Hate Terms for Stable Rules, Concepts, Transitivities, and Latticescited by 1
- 2025Evolving Hate Speech Online: An Adaptive Framework for Detection and Mitigationcited by 1
- 2025Measuring Online Hate on 4chan using Pre-trained Deep Learning Modelscited by 1
3 more
- 2025Measuring Online Hate on 4chan using Pre-trained Deep Learning Models30 Mar 2025
- 2025Decoding Islamophobic Discourse: Using LLMs to Identify Tropes and Semi-Coded Hate Speech24 Mar 2025
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- 2023What Do Llamas Really Think? Revealing Preference Biases in Language Model Representations30 Nov 2023
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- 2023minOffense: Inter-Agreement Hate Terms for Stable Rules, Concepts, Transitivities, and Lattices29 May 2023
- 2023Unsafe Diffusion: On the Generation of Unsafe Images and Hateful Memes From Text-To-Image Models23 May 2023
- 2023Is ChatGPT better than Human Annotators? Potential and Limitations of ChatGPT in Explaining Implicit Hate Speech11 Feb 2023
- 2022Chain of Explanation: New Prompting Method to Generate Higher Quality Natural Language Explanation for Implicit Hate Speech11 Sep 2022
- 2022Why So Toxic? Measuring and Triggering Toxic Behavior in Open-Domain Chatbots7 Sep 2022
- 2023Is ChatGPT better than Human Annotators? Potential and Limitations of ChatGPT in Explaining Implicit Hate Speechcited by 166
- 2022Why So Toxic? Measuring and Triggering Toxic Behavior in Open-Domain Chatbotscited by 33
- 2022Chain of Explanation: New Prompting Method to Generate Higher Quality Natural Language Explanation for Implicit Hate Speechcited by 25
- 2021Dataset of Fake News Detection and Fact Verification: A Surveycited by 11
- 2023A Template Is All You Memecited by 9
- 2022Annotation-Scheme Reconstruction for "Fake News" and Japanese Fake News Datasetcited by 4
- 2022Feels Bad Man: Dissecting Automated Hateful Meme Detection Through the Lens of Facebook's Challengecited by 1
- 2023minOffense: Inter-Agreement Hate Terms for Stable Rules, Concepts, Transitivities, and Latticescited by 1
- 2025Evolving Hate Speech Online: An Adaptive Framework for Detection and Mitigationcited by 1
- 2025Measuring Online Hate on 4chan using Pre-trained Deep Learning Modelscited by 1
- 2024A Holistic Indicator of Polarization to Measure Online Sexismcited by 0
- 2025Covering Cracks in Content Moderation: Delexicalized Distant Supervision for Illicit Drug Jargon Detectioncited by 0
12 most cited of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2025Measuring Online Hate on 4chan using Pre-trained Deep Learning Models30 Mar 2025
- 2025Decoding Islamophobic Discourse: Using LLMs to Identify Tropes and Semi-Coded Hate Speech24 Mar 2025
- 2025Covering Cracks in Content Moderation: Delexicalized Distant Supervision for Illicit Drug Jargon Detection19 Mar 2025
- 2025Evolving Hate Speech Online: An Adaptive Framework for Detection and Mitigation15 Feb 2025
- 2024A Holistic Indicator of Polarization to Measure Online Sexism2 Apr 2024
- 2023A Template Is All You Meme11 Nov 2023
- 2023minOffense: Inter-Agreement Hate Terms for Stable Rules, Concepts, Transitivities, and Lattices29 May 2023
- 2023Is ChatGPT better than Human Annotators? Potential and Limitations of ChatGPT in Explaining Implicit Hate Speech11 Feb 2023
- 2022Chain of Explanation: New Prompting Method to Generate Higher Quality Natural Language Explanation for Implicit Hate Speech11 Sep 2022
- 2022Why So Toxic? Measuring and Triggering Toxic Behavior in Open-Domain Chatbots7 Sep 2022
- 2022Annotation-Scheme Reconstruction for "Fake News" and Japanese Fake News Dataset6 Apr 2022
- 2022Feels Bad Man: Dissecting Automated Hateful Meme Detection Through the Lens of Facebook's Challenge17 Feb 2022
12 newest of 13 All 13 (JSON)