mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

emoji2vec: Learning Emoji Representations from their Description

arXiv 1609.08359 ↗First posted 27 Sep 2016cs.CLcited by 28

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Abstract (arXiv)

Many current natural language processing applications for social media rely on representation learning and utilize pre-trained word embeddings. There currently exist several publicly-available, pre-trained sets of word embeddings, but they contain few or no emoji representations even as emoji usage in social media has increased. In this paper we release emoji2vec, pre-trained embeddings for all Unicode emoji which are learned from their description in the Unicode emoji standard. The resulting emoji embeddings can be readily used in downstream social natural language processing applications alongside word2vec. We demonstrate, for the downstream task of sentiment analysis, that emoji embeddings learned from short descriptions outperforms a skip-gram model trained on a large collection of tweets, while avoiding the need for contexts in which emoji need to appear frequently in order to estimate a representation.

Key facts. Cited by 28 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 27 Sep 2016.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 5; 2023: 1; 2024: 7; 2025: 1; 2026: 2.

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  1. 2021NL-Augmenter: A Framework for Task-Sensitive Natural Language Augmentationcited by 72
  2. 2021Leveraging Multilingual Transformers for Hate Speech Detectioncited by 11
  3. 2021One to rule them all: Towards Joint Indic Language Hate Speech Detectioncited by 6
  4. 2022On the Context-Free Ambiguity of Emojicited by 4
  5. 2021A `Sourceful' Twist: Emoji Prediction Based on Sentiment, Hashtags and Application Sourcecited by 3
  6. 2023Hate Speech and Offensive Content Detection in Indo-Aryan Languages: A Battle of LSTM and Transformerscited by 3
  7. 2025On the Impact of Language Nuances on Sentiment Analysis with Large Language Models: Paraphrasing, Sarcasm, and Emojiscited by 3
  8. 2021How emoji and word embedding helps to unveil emotional transitions during online messagingcited by 2
  9. 2022Computational Sarcasm Analysis on Social Media: A Systematic Reviewcited by 2
  10. 2024On-Device Emoji Classifier Trained with GPT-based Data Augmentation for a Mobile Keyboardcited by 2
  11. 2021Task Adaptive Pretraining of Transformers for Hostility Detectioncited by 1
  12. 2024Emoji Driven Crypto Assets Market Reactionscited by 1
16 more
  1. 2024From Adoption to Adaption: Tracing the Diffusion of New Emojis on Twittercited by 1
  2. 2021Emoji-Based Transfer Learning for Sentiment Taskscited by 0
  3. 2021SentEmojiBot: Empathising Conversations Generation with Emojiscited by 0
  4. 2021Deriving Disinformation Insights from Geolocalized Twitter Calloutscited by 0
  5. 2021FeelsGoodMan: Inferring Semantics of Twitch Neologismscited by 0
  6. 2021How to Do Things without Words: Modeling Semantic Drift of Emojicited by 0
  7. 2021Pay attention to emoji: Feature Fusion Network with EmoGraph2vec Model for Sentiment Analysiscited by 0
  8. 2022The Tree Loss: Improving Generalization with Many Classescited by 0
  9. 2022Emoji-based Fine-grained Attention Network for Sentiment Analysis in the Microblog Commentscited by 0
  10. 2022emojiSpace: Spatial Representation of Emojiscited by 0
  11. 2024Emojinize: Enriching Any Text with Emoji Translationscited by 0
  12. 2024Creating emoji lexica from unsupervised sentiment analysis of their descriptionscited by 0
  13. 2024Contrastive Learning-based Multi Modal Architecture for Emoticon Prediction by Employing Image-Text Pairscited by 0
  14. 2024Unleashing the Power of Emojis in Texts via Self-supervised Graph Pre-Trainingcited by 0
  15. 2026Digital Skin, Digital Bias: Uncovering Tone-Based Biases in LLMs and Emoji Embeddingscited by 0
  16. 2026Are LLMs Safe Beyond Text: Do Emojis Expose Gaps in Safety Evaluationcited by 0