emoji2vec: Learning Emoji Representations from their Description
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Abstract (arXiv)
Many current natural language processing applications for social media rely on representation learning and utilize pre-trained word embeddings. There currently exist several publicly-available, pre-trained sets of word embeddings, but they contain few or no emoji representations even as emoji usage in social media has increased. In this paper we release emoji2vec, pre-trained embeddings for all Unicode emoji which are learned from their description in the Unicode emoji standard. The resulting emoji embeddings can be readily used in downstream social natural language processing applications alongside word2vec. We demonstrate, for the downstream task of sentiment analysis, that emoji embeddings learned from short descriptions outperforms a skip-gram model trained on a large collection of tweets, while avoiding the need for contexts in which emoji need to appear frequently in order to estimate a representation.
Key facts. Cited by 28 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 27 Sep 2016.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 5; 2023: 1; 2024: 7; 2025: 1; 2026: 2.
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- 2021NL-Augmenter: A Framework for Task-Sensitive Natural Language Augmentationcited by 72
- 2021Leveraging Multilingual Transformers for Hate Speech Detectioncited by 11
- 2021One to rule them all: Towards Joint Indic Language Hate Speech Detectioncited by 6
- 2022On the Context-Free Ambiguity of Emojicited by 4
- 2021A `Sourceful' Twist: Emoji Prediction Based on Sentiment, Hashtags and Application Sourcecited by 3
- 2023Hate Speech and Offensive Content Detection in Indo-Aryan Languages: A Battle of LSTM and Transformerscited by 3
- 2025On the Impact of Language Nuances on Sentiment Analysis with Large Language Models: Paraphrasing, Sarcasm, and Emojiscited by 3
- 2021How emoji and word embedding helps to unveil emotional transitions during online messagingcited by 2
- 2022Computational Sarcasm Analysis on Social Media: A Systematic Reviewcited by 2
- 2024On-Device Emoji Classifier Trained with GPT-based Data Augmentation for a Mobile Keyboardcited by 2
- 2021Task Adaptive Pretraining of Transformers for Hostility Detectioncited by 1
- 2024Emoji Driven Crypto Assets Market Reactionscited by 1
16 more
- 2024From Adoption to Adaption: Tracing the Diffusion of New Emojis on Twittercited by 1
- 2021Emoji-Based Transfer Learning for Sentiment Taskscited by 0
- 2021SentEmojiBot: Empathising Conversations Generation with Emojiscited by 0
- 2021Deriving Disinformation Insights from Geolocalized Twitter Calloutscited by 0
- 2021FeelsGoodMan: Inferring Semantics of Twitch Neologismscited by 0
- 2021How to Do Things without Words: Modeling Semantic Drift of Emojicited by 0
- 2021Pay attention to emoji: Feature Fusion Network with EmoGraph2vec Model for Sentiment Analysiscited by 0
- 2022The Tree Loss: Improving Generalization with Many Classescited by 0
- 2022Emoji-based Fine-grained Attention Network for Sentiment Analysis in the Microblog Commentscited by 0
- 2022emojiSpace: Spatial Representation of Emojiscited by 0
- 2024Emojinize: Enriching Any Text with Emoji Translationscited by 0
- 2024Creating emoji lexica from unsupervised sentiment analysis of their descriptionscited by 0
- 2024Contrastive Learning-based Multi Modal Architecture for Emoticon Prediction by Employing Image-Text Pairscited by 0
- 2024Unleashing the Power of Emojis in Texts via Self-supervised Graph Pre-Trainingcited by 0
- 2026Digital Skin, Digital Bias: Uncovering Tone-Based Biases in LLMs and Emoji Embeddingscited by 0
- 2026Are LLMs Safe Beyond Text: Do Emojis Expose Gaps in Safety Evaluationcited by 0
- 2026Are LLMs Safe Beyond Text: Do Emojis Expose Gaps in Safety Evaluation15 Aug 2026
- 2026Digital Skin, Digital Bias: Uncovering Tone-Based Biases in LLMs and Emoji Embeddings8 Apr 2026
- 2025On the Impact of Language Nuances on Sentiment Analysis with Large Language Models: Paraphrasing, Sarcasm, and Emojis8 Apr 2025
- 2024On-Device Emoji Classifier Trained with GPT-based Data Augmentation for a Mobile Keyboard6 Nov 2024
- 2024Unleashing the Power of Emojis in Texts via Self-supervised Graph Pre-Training22 Sep 2024
- 2024Contrastive Learning-based Multi Modal Architecture for Emoticon Prediction by Employing Image-Text Pairs5 Aug 2024
- 2024Creating emoji lexica from unsupervised sentiment analysis of their descriptions1 Apr 2024
- 2024Emojinize: Enriching Any Text with Emoji Translations6 Mar 2024
- 2024From Adoption to Adaption: Tracing the Diffusion of New Emojis on Twitter22 Feb 2024
- 2024Emoji Driven Crypto Assets Market Reactions16 Feb 2024
- 2023Hate Speech and Offensive Content Detection in Indo-Aryan Languages: A Battle of LSTM and Transformers9 Dec 2023
- 2022Computational Sarcasm Analysis on Social Media: A Systematic Review13 Sep 2022
16 more
- 2022emojiSpace: Spatial Representation of Emojis12 Sep 2022
- 2022Emoji-based Fine-grained Attention Network for Sentiment Analysis in the Microblog Comments10 Jun 2022
- 2022The Tree Loss: Improving Generalization with Many Classes16 Apr 2022
- 2022On the Context-Free Ambiguity of Emoji17 Jan 2022
- 2021NL-Augmenter: A Framework for Task-Sensitive Natural Language Augmentation6 Dec 2021
- 2021Pay attention to emoji: Feature Fusion Network with EmoGraph2vec Model for Sentiment Analysis27 Oct 2021
- 2021How to Do Things without Words: Modeling Semantic Drift of Emoji8 Oct 2021
- 2021One to rule them all: Towards Joint Indic Language Hate Speech Detection28 Sep 2021
- 2021FeelsGoodMan: Inferring Semantics of Twitch Neologisms18 Aug 2021
- 2021Deriving Disinformation Insights from Geolocalized Twitter Callouts6 Aug 2021
- 2021SentEmojiBot: Empathising Conversations Generation with Emojis26 May 2021
- 2021How emoji and word embedding helps to unveil emotional transitions during online messaging23 Mar 2021
- 2021A `Sourceful' Twist: Emoji Prediction Based on Sentiment, Hashtags and Application Source14 Mar 2021
- 2021Emoji-Based Transfer Learning for Sentiment Tasks12 Feb 2021
- 2021Task Adaptive Pretraining of Transformers for Hostility Detection9 Jan 2021
- 2021Leveraging Multilingual Transformers for Hate Speech Detection8 Jan 2021
- 2021NL-Augmenter: A Framework for Task-Sensitive Natural Language Augmentationcited by 72
- 2021Leveraging Multilingual Transformers for Hate Speech Detectioncited by 11
- 2021One to rule them all: Towards Joint Indic Language Hate Speech Detectioncited by 6
- 2022On the Context-Free Ambiguity of Emojicited by 4
- 2021A `Sourceful' Twist: Emoji Prediction Based on Sentiment, Hashtags and Application Sourcecited by 3
- 2023Hate Speech and Offensive Content Detection in Indo-Aryan Languages: A Battle of LSTM and Transformerscited by 3
- 2025On the Impact of Language Nuances on Sentiment Analysis with Large Language Models: Paraphrasing, Sarcasm, and Emojiscited by 3
- 2021How emoji and word embedding helps to unveil emotional transitions during online messagingcited by 2
- 2022Computational Sarcasm Analysis on Social Media: A Systematic Reviewcited by 2
- 2024On-Device Emoji Classifier Trained with GPT-based Data Augmentation for a Mobile Keyboardcited by 2
- 2021Task Adaptive Pretraining of Transformers for Hostility Detectioncited by 1
- 2024Emoji Driven Crypto Assets Market Reactionscited by 1
12 most cited of 27 All 27 (JSON)
- 2026Digital Skin, Digital Bias: Uncovering Tone-Based Biases in LLMs and Emoji Embeddings8 Apr 2026
- 2025On the Impact of Language Nuances on Sentiment Analysis with Large Language Models: Paraphrasing, Sarcasm, and Emojis8 Apr 2025
- 2024On-Device Emoji Classifier Trained with GPT-based Data Augmentation for a Mobile Keyboard6 Nov 2024
- 2024Unleashing the Power of Emojis in Texts via Self-supervised Graph Pre-Training22 Sep 2024
- 2024Contrastive Learning-based Multi Modal Architecture for Emoticon Prediction by Employing Image-Text Pairs5 Aug 2024
- 2024Creating emoji lexica from unsupervised sentiment analysis of their descriptions1 Apr 2024
- 2024Emojinize: Enriching Any Text with Emoji Translations6 Mar 2024
- 2024From Adoption to Adaption: Tracing the Diffusion of New Emojis on Twitter22 Feb 2024
- 2024Emoji Driven Crypto Assets Market Reactions16 Feb 2024
- 2023Hate Speech and Offensive Content Detection in Indo-Aryan Languages: A Battle of LSTM and Transformers9 Dec 2023
- 2022Computational Sarcasm Analysis on Social Media: A Systematic Review13 Sep 2022
- 2022emojiSpace: Spatial Representation of Emojis12 Sep 2022
12 newest of 27 All 27 (JSON)