Robsut Wrod Reocginiton via semi-Character Recurrent Neural Network
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Abstract (arXiv)
Language processing mechanism by humans is generally more robust than computers. The Cmabrigde Uinervtisy (Cambridge University) effect from the psycholinguistics literature has demonstrated such a robust word processing mechanism, where jumbled words (e.g. Cmabrigde / Cambridge) are recognized with little cost. On the other hand, computational models for word recognition (e.g. spelling checkers) perform poorly on data with such noise. Inspired by the findings from the Cmabrigde Uinervtisy effect, we propose a word recognition model based on a semi-character level recurrent neural network (scRNN). In our experiments, we demonstrate that scRNN has significantly more robust performance in word spelling correction (i.e. word recognition) compared to existing spelling checkers and character-based convolutional neural network. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the model is cognitively plausible by replicating a psycholinguistics experiment about human reading difficulty using our model.
Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 7 Aug 2016.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 2; 2023: 3; 2024: 2; 2025: 5; 2026: 1.
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- 2023Do LLMs exhibit human-like response biases? A case study in survey designcited by 180
- 2021Robust Open-Vocabulary Translation from Visual Text Representationscited by 47
- 2022Analogy Generation by Prompting Large Language Models: A Case Study of InstructGPTcited by 27
- 2022A Survey of Adversarial Defences and Robustness in NLPcited by 23
- 2021Improving Zero-shot Cross-lingual Transfer between Closely Related Languages by injecting Character-level Noisecited by 19
- 2021Misspelling Correction with Pre-trained Contextual Language Modelcited by 9
- 2021CodemixedNLP: An Extensible and Open NLP Toolkit for Code-Mixingcited by 8
- 2024DENOISER: Rethinking the Robustness for Open-Vocabulary Action Recognitioncited by 8
- 2021Sometimes We Want Translationesecited by 3
- 2025Misspellings in Natural Language Processing: A surveycited by 3
- 2024MaskPure: Improving Defense Against Text Adversaries with Stochastic Purificationcited by 2
- 2025TiSpell: A Semi-Masked Methodology for Tibetan Spelling Correction covering Multi-Level Error with Data Augmentationcited by 2
6 more
- 2025Reformulation is All You Need: Addressing Malicious Text Features in DNNscited by 1
- 2023CipherSniffer: Classifying Cipher Typescited by 0
- 2023Finite-context Indexing of Restricted Output Space for NLP Models Facing Noisy Inputcited by 0
- 2025Typoglycemia under the Hood: Investigating Language Models' Understanding of Scrambled Wordscited by 0
- 2025LMSpell: Spell Correction with Pre-Trained Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Beyond Detection: Ethical Foundations for Automated Dyslexic Error Attributioncited by 0
- 2026Beyond Detection: Ethical Foundations for Automated Dyslexic Error Attribution2 Apr 2026
- 2025LMSpell: Spell Correction with Pre-Trained Language Models5 Dec 2025
- 2025Typoglycemia under the Hood: Investigating Language Models' Understanding of Scrambled Words24 Oct 2025
- 2025TiSpell: A Semi-Masked Methodology for Tibetan Spelling Correction covering Multi-Level Error with Data Augmentation12 May 2025
- 2025Reformulation is All You Need: Addressing Malicious Text Features in DNNs2 Feb 2025
- 2025Misspellings in Natural Language Processing: A survey28 Jan 2025
- 2024MaskPure: Improving Defense Against Text Adversaries with Stochastic Purification18 Jun 2024
- 2024DENOISER: Rethinking the Robustness for Open-Vocabulary Action Recognition23 Apr 2024
- 2023Do LLMs exhibit human-like response biases? A case study in survey design7 Nov 2023
- 2023Finite-context Indexing of Restricted Output Space for NLP Models Facing Noisy Input21 Oct 2023
- 2023CipherSniffer: Classifying Cipher Types13 Jun 2023
- 2022Analogy Generation by Prompting Large Language Models: A Case Study of InstructGPT9 Oct 2022
6 more
- 2022A Survey of Adversarial Defences and Robustness in NLP12 Mar 2022
- 2021Improving Zero-shot Cross-lingual Transfer between Closely Related Languages by injecting Character-level Noise14 Sep 2021
- 2021CodemixedNLP: An Extensible and Open NLP Toolkit for Code-Mixing10 Jun 2021
- 2021Robust Open-Vocabulary Translation from Visual Text Representations16 Apr 2021
- 2021Sometimes We Want Translationese15 Apr 2021
- 2021Misspelling Correction with Pre-trained Contextual Language Model8 Jan 2021
- 2023Do LLMs exhibit human-like response biases? A case study in survey designcited by 180
- 2021Robust Open-Vocabulary Translation from Visual Text Representationscited by 47
- 2022Analogy Generation by Prompting Large Language Models: A Case Study of InstructGPTcited by 27
- 2022A Survey of Adversarial Defences and Robustness in NLPcited by 23
- 2021Improving Zero-shot Cross-lingual Transfer between Closely Related Languages by injecting Character-level Noisecited by 19
- 2021Misspelling Correction with Pre-trained Contextual Language Modelcited by 9
- 2021CodemixedNLP: An Extensible and Open NLP Toolkit for Code-Mixingcited by 8
- 2021Sometimes We Want Translationesecited by 3
- 2025Misspellings in Natural Language Processing: A surveycited by 3
- 2024MaskPure: Improving Defense Against Text Adversaries with Stochastic Purificationcited by 2
- 2025TiSpell: A Semi-Masked Methodology for Tibetan Spelling Correction covering Multi-Level Error with Data Augmentationcited by 2
- 2023CipherSniffer: Classifying Cipher Typescited by 0
12 most cited of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2026Beyond Detection: Ethical Foundations for Automated Dyslexic Error Attribution2 Apr 2026
- 2025LMSpell: Spell Correction with Pre-Trained Language Models5 Dec 2025
- 2025Typoglycemia under the Hood: Investigating Language Models' Understanding of Scrambled Words24 Oct 2025
- 2025TiSpell: A Semi-Masked Methodology for Tibetan Spelling Correction covering Multi-Level Error with Data Augmentation12 May 2025
- 2025Misspellings in Natural Language Processing: A survey28 Jan 2025
- 2024MaskPure: Improving Defense Against Text Adversaries with Stochastic Purification18 Jun 2024
- 2023Do LLMs exhibit human-like response biases? A case study in survey design7 Nov 2023
- 2023Finite-context Indexing of Restricted Output Space for NLP Models Facing Noisy Input21 Oct 2023
- 2023CipherSniffer: Classifying Cipher Types13 Jun 2023
- 2022Analogy Generation by Prompting Large Language Models: A Case Study of InstructGPT9 Oct 2022
- 2022A Survey of Adversarial Defences and Robustness in NLP12 Mar 2022
- 2021Improving Zero-shot Cross-lingual Transfer between Closely Related Languages by injecting Character-level Noise14 Sep 2021
12 newest of 16 All 16 (JSON)