Neural Semantic Encoders
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a memory augmented neural network for natural language understanding: Neural Semantic Encoders. NSE is equipped with a novel memory update rule and has a variable sized encoding memory that evolves over time and maintains the understanding of input sequences through read}, compose and write operations. NSE can also access multiple and shared memories. In this paper, we demonstrated the effectiveness and the flexibility of NSE on five different natural language tasks: natural language inference, question answering, sentence classification, document sentiment analysis and machine translation where NSE achieved state-of-the-art performance when evaluated on publically available benchmarks. For example, our shared-memory model showed an encouraging result on neural machine translation, improving an attention-based baseline by approximately 1.0 BLEU.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 14 Jul 2016.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 0; 2023: 1; 2024: 2; 2025: 6; 2026: 2.
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- 2024Titans: Learning to Memorize at Test Timecited by 303
- 2024Leave No Context Behind: Efficient Infinite Context Transformers with Infini-attentioncited by 194
- 2025Nested Learning: The Illusion of Deep Learning Architecturescited by 69
- 2025It's All Connected: A Journey Through Test-Time Memorization, Attentional Bias, Retention, and Online Optimizationcited by 60
- 2025ATLAS: Learning to Optimally Memorize the Context at Test Timecited by 57
- 2021Evaluation of BERT and ALBERT Sentence Embedding Performance on Downstream NLP Taskscited by 32
- 2021Fast Contextual Adaptation with Neural Associative Memory for On-Device Personalized Speech Recognitioncited by 25
- 2025Comba: Improving Bilinear RNNs with Closed-loop Controlcited by 12
- 2026Memory Caching: RNNs with Growing Memorycited by 12
- 2021Can Transformer Language Models Predict Psychometric Properties?cited by 8
- 2025TNT: Improving Chunkwise Training for Test-Time Memorizationcited by 7
- 2023Deep Learning-based Sentiment Classification: A Comparative Surveycited by 4
- 2026Proteus: Incremental Memory Activation for Long-Context Sequence Modeling17 Aug 2026
- 2026Memory Caching: RNNs with Growing Memory27 Feb 2026
- 2025Nested Learning: The Illusion of Deep Learning Architectures31 Dec 2025
- 2025Bias Beneath the Tone: Empirical Characterisation of Tone Bias in LLM-Driven UX Systems23 Dec 2025
- 2025TNT: Improving Chunkwise Training for Test-Time Memorization10 Nov 2025
- 2025Comba: Improving Bilinear RNNs with Closed-loop Control3 Jun 2025
- 2025ATLAS: Learning to Optimally Memorize the Context at Test Time29 May 2025
- 2025It's All Connected: A Journey Through Test-Time Memorization, Attentional Bias, Retention, and Online Optimization17 Apr 2025
- 2024Titans: Learning to Memorize at Test Time31 Dec 2024
- 2024Leave No Context Behind: Efficient Infinite Context Transformers with Infini-attention10 Apr 2024
- 2023Deep Learning-based Sentiment Classification: A Comparative Survey12 Dec 2023
- 2021Fast Contextual Adaptation with Neural Associative Memory for On-Device Personalized Speech Recognition5 Oct 2021
- 2024Titans: Learning to Memorize at Test Timecited by 303
- 2024Titans: Learning to Memorize at Test Time31 Dec 2024
- 2024Leave No Context Behind: Efficient Infinite Context Transformers with Infini-attentioncited by 194
- 2025Nested Learning: The Illusion of Deep Learning Architecturescited by 69
- 2025It's All Connected: A Journey Through Test-Time Memorization, Attentional Bias, Retention, and Online Optimizationcited by 60
- 2025ATLAS: Learning to Optimally Memorize the Context at Test Timecited by 57
- 2021Evaluation of BERT and ALBERT Sentence Embedding Performance on Downstream NLP Taskscited by 32
- 2021Fast Contextual Adaptation with Neural Associative Memory for On-Device Personalized Speech Recognitioncited by 25
- 2025Comba: Improving Bilinear RNNs with Closed-loop Controlcited by 12
- 2026Memory Caching: RNNs with Growing Memorycited by 12
- 2021Can Transformer Language Models Predict Psychometric Properties?cited by 8
- 2025TNT: Improving Chunkwise Training for Test-Time Memorizationcited by 7
- 2023Deep Learning-based Sentiment Classification: A Comparative Surveycited by 4
- 2025Bias Beneath the Tone: Empirical Characterisation of Tone Bias in LLM-Driven UX Systemscited by 1
12 most cited of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2026Proteus: Incremental Memory Activation for Long-Context Sequence Modeling17 Aug 2026
- 2026Memory Caching: RNNs with Growing Memory27 Feb 2026
- 2025Nested Learning: The Illusion of Deep Learning Architectures31 Dec 2025
- 2025Bias Beneath the Tone: Empirical Characterisation of Tone Bias in LLM-Driven UX Systems23 Dec 2025
- 2025TNT: Improving Chunkwise Training for Test-Time Memorization10 Nov 2025
- 2025Comba: Improving Bilinear RNNs with Closed-loop Control3 Jun 2025
- 2025ATLAS: Learning to Optimally Memorize the Context at Test Time29 May 2025
- 2025It's All Connected: A Journey Through Test-Time Memorization, Attentional Bias, Retention, and Online Optimization17 Apr 2025
- 2024Leave No Context Behind: Efficient Infinite Context Transformers with Infini-attention10 Apr 2024
- 2023Deep Learning-based Sentiment Classification: A Comparative Survey12 Dec 2023
- 2021Fast Contextual Adaptation with Neural Associative Memory for On-Device Personalized Speech Recognition5 Oct 2021
- 2021Can Transformer Language Models Predict Psychometric Properties?12 Jun 2021
12 newest of 13 All 13 (JSON)