subgraph2vec: Learning Distributed Representations of Rooted Sub-graphs from Large Graphs
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Abstract (arXiv)
In this paper, we present subgraph2vec, a novel approach for learning latent representations of rooted subgraphs from large graphs inspired by recent advancements in Deep Learning and Graph Kernels. These latent representations encode semantic substructure dependencies in a continuous vector space, which is easily exploited by statistical models for tasks such as graph classification, clustering, link prediction and community detection. subgraph2vec leverages on local information obtained from neighbourhoods of nodes to learn their latent representations in an unsupervised fashion. We demonstrate that subgraph vectors learnt by our approach could be used in conjunction with classifiers such as CNNs, SVMs and relational data clustering algorithms to achieve significantly superior accuracies. Also, we show that the subgraph vectors could be used for building a deep learning variant of Weisfeiler-Lehman graph kernel. Our experiments on several benchmark and large-scale real-world datasets reveal that subgraph2vec achieves significant improvements in accuracies over existing graph kernels on both supervised and unsupervised learning tasks. Specifically, on two realworld program analysis tasks, namely, code clone and malware detection, subgraph2vec outperforms state-of-the-art kernels by more than 17% and 4%, respectively.
Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 29 Jun 2016.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 6; 2023: 3; 2024: 1; 2025: 3.
19 papers.
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- 2022A Survey of Pretraining on Graphs: Taxonomy, Methods, and Applicationscited by 23
- 2022Model-Agnostic Augmentation for Accurate Graph Classificationcited by 21
- 2021WGCN: Graph Convolutional Networks with Weighted Structural Featurescited by 12
- 2021Adaptive Visibility Graph Neural Network and its Application in Modulation Classificationcited by 9
- 2022Motif-based Graph Representation Learning with Application to Chemical Moleculescited by 9
- 2021TSGN: Transaction Subgraph Networks for Identifying Ethereum Phishing Accountscited by 7
- 2023State of the Art and Potentialities of Graph-level Learningcited by 6
- 2022Gradual Weisfeiler-Leman: Slow and Steady Wins the Racecited by 5
- 2023Contrastive Learning for Non-Local Graphs with Multi-Resolution Structural Viewscited by 3
- 2022Beyond Ensemble Averages: Leveraging Climate Model Ensembles for Subseasonal Forecastingcited by 2
- 2021Network representation learning systematic review: ancestors and current development statecited by 1
- 2024Generalizing Weisfeiler-Lehman Kernels to Subgraphscited by 1
7 more
- 2025Network Embedding Exploration Tool (NEExT)cited by 1
- 2021Probing Negative Sampling Strategies to Learn GraphRepresentations via Unsupervised Contrastive Learningcited by 0
- 2021Self-Supervised Graph Learning with Proximity-based Views and Channel Contrastcited by 0
- 2022A Prufer-Sequence Based Representation of Large Graphs for Structural Encoding of Logic Networkscited by 0
- 2023Multi-perspective Feedback-attention Coupling Model for Continuous-time Dynamic Graphscited by 0
- 2025ASD Classification on Dynamic Brain Connectome using Temporal Random Walk with Transformer-based Dynamic Network Embeddingcited by 0
- 2025iN2V: Bringing Transductive Node Embeddings to Inductive Graphscited by 0
- 2025iN2V: Bringing Transductive Node Embeddings to Inductive Graphs5 Jun 2025
- 2025Network Embedding Exploration Tool (NEExT)20 Mar 2025
- 2025ASD Classification on Dynamic Brain Connectome using Temporal Random Walk with Transformer-based Dynamic Network Embedding16 Mar 2025
- 2024Generalizing Weisfeiler-Lehman Kernels to Subgraphs3 Dec 2024
- 2023Multi-perspective Feedback-attention Coupling Model for Continuous-time Dynamic Graphs13 Dec 2023
- 2023Contrastive Learning for Non-Local Graphs with Multi-Resolution Structural Views19 Aug 2023
- 2023State of the Art and Potentialities of Graph-level Learning14 Jan 2023
- 2022Beyond Ensemble Averages: Leveraging Climate Model Ensembles for Subseasonal Forecasting29 Nov 2022
- 2022Gradual Weisfeiler-Leman: Slow and Steady Wins the Race19 Sep 2022
- 2022A Prufer-Sequence Based Representation of Large Graphs for Structural Encoding of Logic Networks4 Sep 2022
- 2022Motif-based Graph Representation Learning with Application to Chemical Molecules9 Aug 2022
- 2022Model-Agnostic Augmentation for Accurate Graph Classification21 Feb 2022
7 more
- 2022A Survey of Pretraining on Graphs: Taxonomy, Methods, and Applications16 Feb 2022
- 2021Network representation learning systematic review: ancestors and current development state14 Sep 2021
- 2021Adaptive Visibility Graph Neural Network and its Application in Modulation Classification16 Jun 2021
- 2021Self-Supervised Graph Learning with Proximity-based Views and Channel Contrast7 Jun 2021
- 2021WGCN: Graph Convolutional Networks with Weighted Structural Features29 Apr 2021
- 2021TSGN: Transaction Subgraph Networks for Identifying Ethereum Phishing Accounts18 Apr 2021
- 2021Probing Negative Sampling Strategies to Learn GraphRepresentations via Unsupervised Contrastive Learning13 Apr 2021
- 2022A Survey of Pretraining on Graphs: Taxonomy, Methods, and Applicationscited by 23
- 2022Model-Agnostic Augmentation for Accurate Graph Classificationcited by 21
- 2021WGCN: Graph Convolutional Networks with Weighted Structural Featurescited by 12
- 2021Adaptive Visibility Graph Neural Network and its Application in Modulation Classificationcited by 9
- 2022Motif-based Graph Representation Learning with Application to Chemical Moleculescited by 9
- 2021TSGN: Transaction Subgraph Networks for Identifying Ethereum Phishing Accountscited by 7
- 2023State of the Art and Potentialities of Graph-level Learningcited by 6
- 2022Gradual Weisfeiler-Leman: Slow and Steady Wins the Racecited by 5
- 2023Contrastive Learning for Non-Local Graphs with Multi-Resolution Structural Viewscited by 3
- 2022Beyond Ensemble Averages: Leveraging Climate Model Ensembles for Subseasonal Forecastingcited by 2
- 2021Network representation learning systematic review: ancestors and current development statecited by 1
- 2024Generalizing Weisfeiler-Lehman Kernels to Subgraphscited by 1
12 most cited of 19 All 19 (JSON)
- 2025iN2V: Bringing Transductive Node Embeddings to Inductive Graphs5 Jun 2025
- 2025Network Embedding Exploration Tool (NEExT)20 Mar 2025
- 2025ASD Classification on Dynamic Brain Connectome using Temporal Random Walk with Transformer-based Dynamic Network Embedding16 Mar 2025
- 2024Generalizing Weisfeiler-Lehman Kernels to Subgraphs3 Dec 2024
- 2023Multi-perspective Feedback-attention Coupling Model for Continuous-time Dynamic Graphs13 Dec 2023
- 2023Contrastive Learning for Non-Local Graphs with Multi-Resolution Structural Views19 Aug 2023
- 2023State of the Art and Potentialities of Graph-level Learning14 Jan 2023
- 2022Beyond Ensemble Averages: Leveraging Climate Model Ensembles for Subseasonal Forecasting29 Nov 2022
- 2022Gradual Weisfeiler-Leman: Slow and Steady Wins the Race19 Sep 2022
- 2022A Prufer-Sequence Based Representation of Large Graphs for Structural Encoding of Logic Networks4 Sep 2022
- 2022Motif-based Graph Representation Learning with Application to Chemical Molecules9 Aug 2022
- 2022Model-Agnostic Augmentation for Accurate Graph Classification21 Feb 2022
12 newest of 19 All 19 (JSON)