CMA-ES for Hyperparameter Optimization of Deep Neural Networks
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Abstract (arXiv)
Hyperparameters of deep neural networks are often optimized by grid search, random search or Bayesian optimization. As an alternative, we propose to use the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES), which is known for its state-of-the-art performance in derivative-free optimization. CMA-ES has some useful invariance properties and is friendly to parallel evaluations of solutions. We provide a toy example comparing CMA-ES and state-of-the-art Bayesian optimization algorithms for tuning the hyperparameters of a convolutional neural network for the MNIST dataset on 30 GPUs in parallel.
Key facts. Cited by 48 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 25 Apr 2016.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 5; 2023: 10; 2024: 5; 2025: 12; 2026: 4.
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- 2021SMAC3: A Versatile Bayesian Optimization Package for Hyperparameter Optimizationcited by 230
- 2021Automated Self-Supervised Learning for Graphscited by 50
- 2022Approximate Differentiable Rendering with Algebraic Surfacescited by 44
- 2023Zeroth-Order Optimization Meets Human Feedback: Provable Learning via Ranking Oraclescited by 35
- 2021Bag of Baselines for Multi-objective Joint Neural Architecture Search and Hyperparameter Optimizationcited by 19
- 2021Fast and Informative Model Selection using Learning Curve Cross-Validationcited by 15
- 2021A Systematic Comparison Study on Hyperparameter Optimisation of Graph Neural Networks for Molecular Property Predictioncited by 9
- 2022c-TPE: Tree-structured Parzen Estimator with Inequality Constraints for Expensive Hyperparameter Optimizationcited by 9
- 2023CMA-ES for Post Hoc Ensembling in AutoML: A Great Success and Salvageable Failurecited by 8
- 2025Reasoning BO: Enhancing Bayesian Optimization with Long-Context Reasoning Power of LLMscited by 8
- 2024Reshuffling Resampling Splits Can Improve Generalization of Hyperparameter Optimizationcited by 7
- 2021Learning Deep Morphological Networks with Neural Architecture Searchcited by 6
36 more
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- 2024High-dimensional Bayesian Optimization via Covariance Matrix Adaptation Strategycited by 6
- 2024Hyperparameter Optimization Can Even be Harmful in Off-Policy Learning and How to Deal with Itcited by 5
- 2021Hyperboost: Hyperparameter Optimization by Gradient Boosting surrogate modelscited by 4
- 2021Using Sequential Statistical Tests for Efficient Hyperparameter Tuningcited by 3
- 2026RoboPhD: Self-Improving Text-to-SQL Through Autonomous Agent Evolutioncited by 3
- 2021GradFreeBits: Gradient Free Bit Allocation for Dynamic Low Precision Neural Networkscited by 2
- 2021A Genetic Algorithm with Tree-structured Mutation for Hyperparameter Optimisation of Graph Neural Networkscited by 2
- 2022Using explainability to design physics-aware CNNs for solving subsurface inverse problemscited by 2
- 2023Big Dataunicodex2013Supply Chain Management Framework for Forecasting: Data Preprocessing and Machine Learning Techniquescited by 2
- 2023Shrink-Perturb Improves Architecture Mixing during Population Based Training for Neural Architecture Searchcited by 2
- 2025Explicit and Non-asymptotic Query Complexities of Rank-Based Zeroth-order Algorithms on Smooth Functionscited by 2
- 2022Machine learning optimization of Majorana hybrid nanowirescited by 1
- 2023HomOpt: A Homotopy-Based Hyperparameter Optimization Methodcited by 1
- 2024Tensor Network Estimation of Distribution Algorithmscited by 1
- 2021Automatic tuning of hyper-parameters of reinforcement learning algorithms using Bayesian optimization with behavioral cloningcited by 0
- 2021Simple and Effective Balance of Contrastive Lossescited by 0
- 2022Hyperparameter Optimization with Neural Network Pruningcited by 0
- 2023Optimizing Neural Networks through Activation Function Discovery and Automatic Weight Initializationcited by 0
- 2023Topological gap protocol based machine learning optimization of Majorana hybrid wirescited by 0
- 2023Mirror Natural Evolution Strategiescited by 0
- 2023Asynchronous Evolution of Deep Neural Network Architecturescited by 0
- 2024MeGA: Merging Multiple Independently Trained Neural Networks Based on Genetic Algorithmcited by 0
- 2025Evolving Hard Maximum Cut Instances for Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithmscited by 0
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- 2025Tree-Structured Parzen Estimator Can Solve Black-Box Combinatorial Optimization More Efficientlycited by 0
- 2025Neural Architecture Search with Mixed Bio-inspired Learning Rulescited by 0
- 2025An Explainable, Attention-Enhanced, Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network for Joint 48-Hour Forecasting of Temperature, Irradiance, and Relative Humiditycited by 0
- 2025QIBONN: A Quantum-Inspired Bilevel Optimizer for Neural Networks on Tabular Classificationcited by 0
- 2025Batch Acquisition Function Evaluations and Decouple Optimizer Updates for Faster Bayesian Optimizationcited by 0
- 2025BEP: A Binary Error Propagation Algorithm for Binary Neural Networks Trainingcited by 0
- 2025Explicit and Non-asymptotic Query Complexities of Rank-Based Zeroth-order Algorithm on Stochastic Smooth Functionscited by 0
- 2026Evolution Strategy-Based Calibration for Low-Bit Quantization of Speech Modelscited by 0
- 2026StereoFactory: A Unified Merging Framework for Robust Stereo Matchingcited by 0
- 2026Adaptive Partitioning Schemes for Optimistic Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026Adaptive Partitioning Schemes for Optimistic Optimization2 Oct 2026
- 2026StereoFactory: A Unified Merging Framework for Robust Stereo Matching16 Jun 2026
- 2026Evolution Strategy-Based Calibration for Low-Bit Quantization of Speech Models9 Mar 2026
- 2026RoboPhD: Self-Improving Text-to-SQL Through Autonomous Agent Evolution3 Jan 2026
- 2025Explicit and Non-asymptotic Query Complexities of Rank-Based Zeroth-order Algorithm on Stochastic Smooth Functions22 Dec 2025
- 2025Explicit and Non-asymptotic Query Complexities of Rank-Based Zeroth-order Algorithms on Smooth Functions18 Dec 2025
- 2025BEP: A Binary Error Propagation Algorithm for Binary Neural Networks Training3 Dec 2025
- 2025Batch Acquisition Function Evaluations and Decouple Optimizer Updates for Faster Bayesian Optimization17 Nov 2025
- 2025QIBONN: A Quantum-Inspired Bilevel Optimizer for Neural Networks on Tabular Classification12 Nov 2025
- 2025An Explainable, Attention-Enhanced, Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network for Joint 48-Hour Forecasting of Temperature, Irradiance, and Relative Humidity28 Aug 2025
- 2025Neural Architecture Search with Mixed Bio-inspired Learning Rules17 Jul 2025
- 2025Tree-Structured Parzen Estimator Can Solve Black-Box Combinatorial Optimization More Efficiently10 Jul 2025
36 more
- 2025You Only Train Once4 Jun 2025
- 2025Unveiling and Steering Connectome Organization with Interpretable Latent Variables19 May 2025
- 2025Reasoning BO: Enhancing Bayesian Optimization with Long-Context Reasoning Power of LLMs19 May 2025
- 2025Evolving Hard Maximum Cut Instances for Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithms30 Jan 2025
- 2024Tensor Network Estimation of Distribution Algorithms27 Dec 2024
- 2024MeGA: Merging Multiple Independently Trained Neural Networks Based on Genetic Algorithm7 Jun 2024
- 2024Reshuffling Resampling Splits Can Improve Generalization of Hyperparameter Optimization24 May 2024
- 2024Hyperparameter Optimization Can Even be Harmful in Off-Policy Learning and How to Deal with It23 Apr 2024
- 2024High-dimensional Bayesian Optimization via Covariance Matrix Adaptation Strategy5 Feb 2024
- 2023Asynchronous Evolution of Deep Neural Network Architectures8 Aug 2023
- 2023HomOpt: A Homotopy-Based Hyperparameter Optimization Method7 Aug 2023
- 2023Mirror Natural Evolution Strategies1 Aug 2023
- 2023Shrink-Perturb Improves Architecture Mixing during Population Based Training for Neural Architecture Search28 Jul 2023
- 2023Big Dataunicodex2013Supply Chain Management Framework for Forecasting: Data Preprocessing and Machine Learning Techniques24 Jul 2023
- 2023CMA-ES for Post Hoc Ensembling in AutoML: A Great Success and Salvageable Failure1 Jul 2023
- 2023Topological gap protocol based machine learning optimization of Majorana hybrid wires25 May 2023
- 2023Learning Diverse Risk Preferences in Population-based Self-play19 May 2023
- 2023Optimizing Neural Networks through Activation Function Discovery and Automatic Weight Initialization6 Apr 2023
- 2023Zeroth-Order Optimization Meets Human Feedback: Provable Learning via Ranking Oracles7 Mar 2023
- 2022c-TPE: Tree-structured Parzen Estimator with Inequality Constraints for Expensive Hyperparameter Optimization26 Nov 2022
- 2022Using explainability to design physics-aware CNNs for solving subsurface inverse problems16 Nov 2022
- 2022Machine learning optimization of Majorana hybrid nanowires3 Aug 2022
- 2022Approximate Differentiable Rendering with Algebraic Surfaces21 Jul 2022
- 2022Hyperparameter Optimization with Neural Network Pruning18 May 2022
- 2021Using Sequential Statistical Tests for Efficient Hyperparameter Tuning23 Dec 2021
- 2021Simple and Effective Balance of Contrastive Losses22 Dec 2021
- 2021Automatic tuning of hyper-parameters of reinforcement learning algorithms using Bayesian optimization with behavioral cloning15 Dec 2021
- 2021Fast and Informative Model Selection using Learning Curve Cross-Validation27 Nov 2021
- 2021SMAC3: A Versatile Bayesian Optimization Package for Hyperparameter Optimization20 Sep 2021
- 2021Learning Deep Morphological Networks with Neural Architecture Search14 Jun 2021
- 2021Automated Self-Supervised Learning for Graphs10 Jun 2021
- 2021Bag of Baselines for Multi-objective Joint Neural Architecture Search and Hyperparameter Optimization3 May 2021
- 2021A Genetic Algorithm with Tree-structured Mutation for Hyperparameter Optimisation of Graph Neural Networks24 Feb 2021
- 2021GradFreeBits: Gradient Free Bit Allocation for Dynamic Low Precision Neural Networks18 Feb 2021
- 2021A Systematic Comparison Study on Hyperparameter Optimisation of Graph Neural Networks for Molecular Property Prediction8 Feb 2021
- 2021Hyperboost: Hyperparameter Optimization by Gradient Boosting surrogate models6 Jan 2021
- 2021SMAC3: A Versatile Bayesian Optimization Package for Hyperparameter Optimizationcited by 230
- 2021Automated Self-Supervised Learning for Graphscited by 50
- 2022Approximate Differentiable Rendering with Algebraic Surfacescited by 44
- 2021Bag of Baselines for Multi-objective Joint Neural Architecture Search and Hyperparameter Optimizationcited by 19
- 2021Fast and Informative Model Selection using Learning Curve Cross-Validationcited by 15
- 2021A Systematic Comparison Study on Hyperparameter Optimisation of Graph Neural Networks for Molecular Property Predictioncited by 9
- 2022c-TPE: Tree-structured Parzen Estimator with Inequality Constraints for Expensive Hyperparameter Optimizationcited by 9
- 2023CMA-ES for Post Hoc Ensembling in AutoML: A Great Success and Salvageable Failurecited by 8
- 2024Reshuffling Resampling Splits Can Improve Generalization of Hyperparameter Optimizationcited by 7
- 2021Learning Deep Morphological Networks with Neural Architecture Searchcited by 6
- 2023Learning Diverse Risk Preferences in Population-based Self-playcited by 6
- 2024High-dimensional Bayesian Optimization via Covariance Matrix Adaptation Strategycited by 6
12 most cited of 44 All 44 (JSON)
- 2026Adaptive Partitioning Schemes for Optimistic Optimization2 Oct 2026
- 2026StereoFactory: A Unified Merging Framework for Robust Stereo Matching16 Jun 2026
- 2026Evolution Strategy-Based Calibration for Low-Bit Quantization of Speech Models9 Mar 2026
- 2026RoboPhD: Self-Improving Text-to-SQL Through Autonomous Agent Evolution3 Jan 2026
- 2025Explicit and Non-asymptotic Query Complexities of Rank-Based Zeroth-order Algorithms on Smooth Functions18 Dec 2025
- 2025BEP: A Binary Error Propagation Algorithm for Binary Neural Networks Training3 Dec 2025
- 2025Batch Acquisition Function Evaluations and Decouple Optimizer Updates for Faster Bayesian Optimization17 Nov 2025
- 2025QIBONN: A Quantum-Inspired Bilevel Optimizer for Neural Networks on Tabular Classification12 Nov 2025
- 2025An Explainable, Attention-Enhanced, Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network for Joint 48-Hour Forecasting of Temperature, Irradiance, and Relative Humidity28 Aug 2025
- 2025Neural Architecture Search with Mixed Bio-inspired Learning Rules17 Jul 2025
- 2025Tree-Structured Parzen Estimator Can Solve Black-Box Combinatorial Optimization More Efficiently10 Jul 2025
- 2025You Only Train Once4 Jun 2025
12 newest of 44 All 44 (JSON)