Recovering Low-Bit Failures in Vision-Language-Action Policies via Quantization-Conditioned Reinforcement Learning

Quantization lowers deployment costs of vision-language-action (VLA) policies but can compromise task completion. Across five VLA models and 4,050 real-world trials, we systematically reveal that quantization-aware training (QAT) generally improves on post-training quantization (PTQ) but leaves substantial gaps to full precision (FP) on long-horizon tasks and under visual and semantic shifts, while its imitation-based objective does not explicitly use rollout success or partial completion. To exploit these outcome signals, we introduce Quantization-Conditioned Reinforcement Learning (QCRL), an offline RL method coupling progress-based advantage estimation with quantization-aware source conditioning. FP rollouts supply reference experience beyond action-level distillation, progress-scaled terminal penalty distinguishes partial completion, and quantization-aware conditioning selects advantageous reference behavior within the quantized policy. We evaluate weight-only INT4 W4A16 on π0.5 and GR00T N1.5 and joint weight-activation NVFP4 W4A4 on π0.5. Using only in-distribution data, QCRL reaches 99.3% of FP's mean score across three visual-shift conditions for π0.5 with INT4 W4A16, alongside 42.9% model-memory savings. With NVFP4 W4A4, it reaches 100.7% of the same FP baseline, alongside a 1.73× speedup using NVFP4/FP8 deployment. Hardware gains are relative to FP16 on Jetson Thor.