SuperAI: Merging Capabilities Across Heterogeneous Foundation Models
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Enabling the reuse and composition of knowledge and capabilities distributed across foundation models is an important step toward building scalable artificial intelligence (AI) systems. However, architectural differences and incompatible representations make it difficult to transfer and integrate these capabilities through a unified cross-model interface. To address this challenge, we propose SuperAI, a cross-architecture multi-model fusion framework that integrates complementary capabilities from multiple source models into a host model through orthogonal alignment of low-dimensional task-relevant representations. Specifically, we first extract task-relevant representations from the source models and the host model using shared anchor samples, and apply principal component analysis (PCA) to construct low-dimensional functional subspaces with the same dimensionality. Next, we use orthogonal Procrustes mappings to align the source and host coordinate systems, establishing cross-model correspondences while preserving the internal geometry of each source subspace. Finally, we train a lightweight residual multilayer perceptron (MLP) with joint supervision on task outputs and source-model increments, learning input-dependent residual increments that are injected into the host model for multi-model capability fusion. Experiments on three host models across 15 capability domains show that SuperAI achieves higher average domain scores than the evaluated cross-architecture fusion methods and better preserves general capabilities as the number of source models increases. Ablation studies further support the effectiveness of orthogonal alignment, nonlinear residual mapping, and joint supervision.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 64 of its 74 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Oct 2026.
Builds on
64 of 74 references.
References · 64
- 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
- 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,320
- 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,963
- 2018Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challengecited by 4,886
- 2021Program Synthesis with Large Language Modelscited by 3,637
- 2019PIQA: Reasoning about Physical Commonsense in Natural Languagecited by 2,883
- 2018Can a Suit of Armor Conduct Electricity? A New Dataset for Open Book Question Answeringcited by 2,164
- 2025Gemma 3 Technical Reportcited by 1,824
- 2018CommonsenseQA: A Question Answering Challenge Targeting Commonsense Knowledgecited by 1,822
- 2023Pythia: A Suite for Analyzing Large Language Models Across Training and Scalingcited by 1,786
- 2019Similarity of Neural Network Representations Revisitedcited by 1,755
- 2022Model soups: averaging weights of multiple fine-tuned models improves accuracy without increasing inference timecited by 1,396
38 more
- 2024Qwen2.5-Coder Technical Reportcited by 1,203
- 2022Editing Models with Task Arithmeticcited by 1,120
- 2021Are NLP Models really able to Solve Simple Math Word Problems?cited by 878
- 2023TIES-Merging: Resolving Interference When Merging Modelscited by 818
- 2022Git Re-Basin: Merging Models modulo Permutation Symmetriescited by 471
- 2024The Platonic Representation Hypothesiscited by 382
- 20242 OLMo 2 Furiouscited by 340
- 2019Cosmos QA: Machine Reading Comprehension with Contextual Commonsense Reasoningcited by 285
- 2024HuatuoGPT-o1, Towards Medical Complex Reasoning with LLMscited by 265
- 2024PKU-SafeRLHF: Towards Multi-Level Safety Alignment for LLMs with Human Preferencecited by 261
- 2014Understanding image representations by measuring their equivariance and equivalencecited by 243
- 2023Task Arithmetic in the Tangent Space: Improved Editing of Pre-Trained Modelscited by 221
- 2019Model Fusion via Optimal Transportcited by 219
- 2021Revisiting Model Stitching to Compare Neural Representationscited by 209
- 2023Controlling Text-to-Image Diffusion by Orthogonal Finetuningcited by 208
- 2024Evolutionary Optimization of Model Merging Recipescited by 208
- 2020CLIMATE-FEVER: A Dataset for Verification of Real-World Climate Claimscited by 196
- 2022Relative representations enable zero-shot latent space communicationcited by 191
- 2024DistiLLM: Towards Streamlined Distillation for Large Language Modelscited by 163
- 2024SaulLM-7B: A pioneering Large Language Model for Lawcited by 142
- 2024Knowledge Fusion of Large Language Modelscited by 115
- 2023Text-To-Concept (and Back) via Cross-Model Alignmentcited by 64
- 2025MixLLM: Dynamic Routing in Mixed Large Language Modelscited by 59
- 2024FuseChat: Knowledge Fusion of Chat Modelscited by 55
- 2023Latent Space Translation via Semantic Alignmentcited by 52
- 2023Transformer Fusion with Optimal Transportcited by 36
- 2025MergeBench: A Benchmark for Merging Domain-Specialized LLMscited by 33
- 2024SEvenLLM: Benchmarking, Eliciting, and Enhancing Abilities of Large Language Models in Cyber Threat Intelligencecited by 22
- 2025Transferring Linear Features Across Language Models With Model Stitchingcited by 21
- 2025Activation Space Interventions Can Be Transferred Between Large Language Modelscited by 19
- 2026Latent Space Communication via K-V Cache Alignmentcited by 17
- 2026DNA: Uncovering Universal Latent Forgery Knowledgecited by 14
- 2025OptMerge: Unifying Multimodal LLM Capabilities and Modalities via Model Mergingcited by 13
- 2025Where Culture Fades: Revealing the Cultural Gap in Text-to-Image Generationcited by 11
- 2026TraceRouter: Robust Safety for Large Foundation Models via Path-Level Interventioncited by 11
- 2025AdaRank: Adaptive Rank Pruning for Enhanced Model Mergingcited by 9
- 2025Null-Space Filtering for Data-Free Continual Model Merging: Preserving Stability, Promoting Plasticitycited by 8
- 2026Transport and Merge: Cross-Architecture Merging for Large Language Modelscited by 7
50 most cited of 64 All 64 (JSON)
Built on by
Not cited yet.