Anytime-valid simulation-based hypothesis testing

For a given data distribution (Xt)_t ∈ mathbbN ~ Q i.i.d., we investigate the hypothesis testing problem: H0: Q = P0 vs. H1: Q = P1, for two different model probability distributions P0 and P1. In contrast to the standard setting, where analytic densities p0 and p1 are given, here, we consider the density-free setting, where we only have access to i.i.d. simulations (Z0t)_t ∈ mathbbN ~ P0 and (Z1t)_t ∈ mathbbN ~ P1. For this simulation-based hypothesis testing setting, we construct an e-test martingale, resulting in a sequential test with anytime-valid type-I error guarantees, approximate growth optimality, geometrically decaying type-II error bounds, and asymptotic power one. Most ingredients used in our constructions are variants of well known concepts. The value of this paper lies in the compact presentation of an effective, anytime-valid solution for the density-free simulation-based sequential hypothesis testing case.