ReSCENE: Server-Side Replay for Structural Mitigation of Catastrophic Forgetting in Federated Continual Learning

Federated continual learning must integrate new tasks over time without losing earlier-task knowledge. Most existing methods attach an anti-forgetting mechanism to the client-trained, server-aggregated loop of federated learning, which holds back new learning to preserve earlier knowledge and burdens resource-constrained clients. We propose ReSCENE, which structurally mitigates catastrophic forgetting by having each client upload a small condensed surrogate of its local data while the server keeps the surrogates of past tasks and trains the global model on them together with the current task surrogates. For efficient server memory, we introduce temporal herding, which selects the more recent surrogates from the pool accumulated over a task into a compressed buffer. Our study provides a theoretical analysis showing that this buffer can represent the original task data more closely than full accumulation of all surrogates. Across CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and TinyImageNet, ReSCENE achieves the strongest accuracy over seven baselines, by up to 31.1 points of average accuracy, while requiring as little as 0.11× of the client computation and up to 179× less upload than the model-update baselines. ReSCENE further demonstrates its effectiveness when scaled to larger client populations and larger models while remaining efficient, which makes it a practical method for federated continual learning.