Finite-Sample Theory for Fitted Q-Iteration When Actions Are Functions

Offline reinforcement learning seeks optimal decision rules from previously collected data. In some applications, a decision can be an entire function, such as a fluence map in radiation therapy or a smooth movement trajectory in robotics. In this paper, we study the finite-sample theory for fitted Q-iteration (FQI) with functional actions in a discounted infinite-horizon setting. Three major difficulties arise in this setting: first, the absence of a Lebesgue probability density for functional actions complicates coverage descriptions; second, conventional coverage requirements can be restrictive; and third, the large functional action space makes greedy optimization in FQI challenging. To address these difficulties, we study smoothness-regularized policy search under a critic-relative coverage condition. This condition measures how well logged data distinguish relevant action-value differences without requiring an action density. Our main theorem gives finite-sample guarantees for learned-policy regret relative to the best value within a fixed smooth class of functional-action policies. The results allow trajectory lengths to be either bounded or growing and Q-functions to be fitted by either functional-input kernel ridge regression or adaptive functional neural networks. For a few examples, we can obtain polynomially decaying regret bounds in the number of logged transitions, up to logarithmic factors, with logarithmically many FQI iterations. Numerical experiments show gains of learned functional-action policies over constant-action policies and support our adoption of a critic-relative coverage condition.