mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Scoring the Wrong Question: Readout Failures in Constrained-Option Evaluation

arXiv 2609.33179 ↗First posted 27 Sep 2026cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 0

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Abstract (arXiv)

Constrained-option scoring reads a model's probabilities for a fixed set of permitted answers, so it returns a score even when the model is about to write something else. We study a prompt that quotes a multiple-choice item, ending in the item's own answer instruction, and asks for a forecast of whether a reader model given only a short note will answer it correctly. The model can begin answering the quoted item: on three Qwen3 checkpoints an answer letter is the most probable token on nearly every passage, and the forecast ranks the reader's correctness indistinguishably from chance. Beyond prior work's argmax check and prefill repair, we contribute a label-free diagnostic of the declared options' support, their first-token mass in context; a deletion test tracing the Qwen3 answer-letter start to the quoted instruction; and rendering and tokenisation checks for dropped separators and coinciding first tokens. Prefilling an answer stem lifts the median option mass from below to above one half on all nine checkpoints scored with this prompt and, with options and renormalisation unchanged, raises the Qwen3-averaged AUC from 0.4929 to 0.6152. lm-polygraph's default P(True) estimator shows a related failure: it reads True where Qwen3 without thinking favours an answer letter (MMLU) or the prompt's (A)/(B) label (TriviaQA), and its Qwen3-averaged AUROC is indistinguishable from chance on MMLU and below chance on TriviaQA. Scoring and renormalising the (A)/(B) labels after an answer stem raises it to 0.632 and 0.868, renormalising True against False in place reaches 0.660 and 0.860, and on TriviaQA both exceed all fourteen default single-answer library estimators. The original forecast is renormalised too, yet stays indistinguishable from chance: option mass flags low support in both settings without labels, and only checking the intended target shows which score still ranks.

Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 25 of its 28 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Sep 2026.

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25 of 28 references.

References · 25

  1. 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,963
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  10. 2023Quantifying Language Models' Sensitivity to Spurious Features in Prompt Design or: How I learned to start worrying about prompt formattingcited by 817
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13 more
  1. 2021Surface Form Competition: Why the Highest Probability Answer Isn't Always Rightcited by 263
  2. 2022Leveraging Large Language Models for Multiple Choice Question Answeringcited by 203
  3. 2024Who Validates the Validators? Aligning LLM-Assisted Evaluation of LLM Outputs with Human Preferencescited by 144
  4. 2023LM-Polygraph: Uncertainty Estimation for Language Modelscited by 131
  5. 2023Beyond Yes and No: Improving Zero-Shot LLM Rankers via Scoring Fine-Grained Relevance Labelscited by 86
  6. 2024Can LLMs Separate Instructions From Data? And What Do We Even Mean By That?cited by 81
  7. 2024"My Answer is C": First-Token Probabilities Do Not Match Text Answers in Instruction-Tuned Language Modelscited by 69
  8. 2021Perturbation CheckLists for Evaluating NLG Evaluation Metricscited by 50
  9. 2024Look at the Text: Instruction-Tuned Language Models are More Robust Multiple Choice Selectors than You Thinkcited by 14
  10. 2025LLMs can be easily Confused by Instructional Distractionscited by 13
  11. 2025Improving LLM First-Token Predictions in Multiple-Choice Question Answering via Output Prefillingcited by 6
  12. 2026PerspectiveGap: A Benchmark for Multi-Agent Orchestration Promptingcited by 6
  13. 2026Attention Deficits in Language Models: Causal Explanations for Procedural Hallucinationscited by 3

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