Measuring the evolution of camera distance across a century of film

The rise of computer vision and artificial intelligence has made possible new forms of large-scale computational measurement. We apply these techniques to a deep collection of 5,205 digitized films viewed in theaters between 1922-2025 (covering popular, prestigious, and independent movies) to trace the development of one of the most fundamental ways through which film communicates: by manipulating the space between the camera and its subject. This work finds abrupt changes with the rise of new technologies in sound and television, and allows us to shed an empirical light on gender disparity (women, despite having substantially less screentime than men, are disproportionately the subject of closer shots), and illustrate how animated films both inherit and break free from the norms of live-action filmmaking.