Decision Hijacking: Prompt Injection Attacks on Jev's Typed Probabilistic Decisions
On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Agent threats, guardrails and governance
also in 1 more
Abstract (arXiv)
Most studies of prompt injection focus on generative agents, leaving their effects on models with schema-defined outputs unclear. We examine these effects in Jev, a non-generative decision model, using 510 reconstructed InjecAgent cases. Malicious content shifts action probabilities but rarely causes Jev to select the attacker's target. Override markers reduce this influence, while claims of contextual relatedness have small effects. Adaptive attacks using score feedback double the mean highest attacker-target probability found during optimization, while success on fresh validation calls rises from 1.8% to 3.5%. Exploratory analysis links these successes to small initial decision margins or greater attacker control over the observation. Together, these findings show that schema-defined outputs change but do not eliminate prompt-injection risk, highlighting the need to evaluate how untrusted content influences choices within the allowed action set.
Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Agent threats, guardrails and governance, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 8 of its 11 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Sep 2026.
Builds on
8 of 11 references.
Closest ancestors · 3
Same direction, newest first
- 2026Assessing Automated Prompt Injection Attacks in Agentic Environments9 Jun
- 2025Prompt Injection Attack to Tool Selection in LLM Agents28 Apr
- 2025Adaptive Attacks Break Defenses Against Indirect Prompt Injection Attacks on LLM Agents27 Feb
Other references · 5
- 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,695
- 2023Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Toolscited by 4,182
- 2024StruQ: Defending Against Prompt Injection with Structured Queriescited by 375
- 2023Benchmarking and Defending Against Indirect Prompt Injection Attacks on Large Language Modelscited by 264
- 2024SecAlign: Defending Against Prompt Injection with Preference Optimizationcited by 210
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 10.
10 papers.
- 2026Typed Decision Models: An Early Evidence Audit and Evaluation Checklistcited by 3
- 2026When Does Selection Replace Extraction? A Pre-Registered Test of Agent Memory with a Typed Decision Modelcited by 1
- 2026Labels Override Definitions in Jev-Style Typed Decision Modelscited by 1
- 2026SecJev: Bringing Security Expertise to System One Decision Modelscited by 1
- 2026Evaluating System One Models for Agent Security Decisions: Reliability, Calibration, and Selective Automationcited by 0
- 2026Readout Stability in Prefill-Only Decision Models:Zero-Label Prediction and Inference-Time Compute Allocationcited by 0
- 2026Can Jev be Your Q or Policy in Reinforcement Learning?cited by 0
- 2026Poisoned into Action: Context Attacks on Typed Decision Workflowscited by 0
- 2026Same Attack, Different Judge: A First Controlled Adversarial Comparison of Jev, LLM Judges, and Purpose-Built Safety Classifierscited by 0
- 2026Lost in the Fallback: How Reliably Do Typed Decision Models Use Fallback Options?cited by 0
- 2026Lost in the Fallback: How Reliably Do Typed Decision Models Use Fallback Options?14 Oct 2026
- 2026Same Attack, Different Judge: A First Controlled Adversarial Comparison of Jev, LLM Judges, and Purpose-Built Safety Classifiers13 Oct 2026
- 2026Poisoned into Action: Context Attacks on Typed Decision Workflows11 Oct 2026
- 2026Can Jev be Your Q or Policy in Reinforcement Learning?8 Oct 2026
- 2026Readout Stability in Prefill-Only Decision Models:Zero-Label Prediction and Inference-Time Compute Allocation6 Oct 2026
- 2026SecJev: Bringing Security Expertise to System One Decision Models2 Oct 2026
- 2026Labels Override Definitions in Jev-Style Typed Decision Models1 Oct 2026
- 2026When Does Selection Replace Extraction? A Pre-Registered Test of Agent Memory with a Typed Decision Model28 Sep 2026
- 2026Evaluating System One Models for Agent Security Decisions: Reliability, Calibration, and Selective Automation27 Sep 2026
- 2026Typed Decision Models: An Early Evidence Audit and Evaluation Checklist26 Sep 2026
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026Hidden Risks of Jev: An Empirical Study of Security, Privacy, and Dual Use
- 2026The Landscape of Prompt Injection Threats in LLM Agents: From Taxonomy to Analysis
- 2026AttackEval: A Systematic Empirical Study of Prompt Injection Attack Effectiveness Against Large Language Models
- 2026Rethinking Indirect Prompt Injection as a Test-Time Search Problem
- 2025PromptSleuth: Detecting Prompt Injection via Semantic Intent Invariance
- 2026Blocking at the Boundary: Auditing Long-Horizon Agents against Staged Prompt Injection
- 2026Toward Metacognitive One-Shot Indirect Prompt Injection: Strategy Abstraction Via Outcome-Conditioned Reflection
- 2026RAISED: Self-Distillation for Robustness to Prompt Injection in LLM Agents