Target alignment, dilution and forecast selection when cross-sectional forecasts share a common target
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Abstract (arXiv)
Forecasters often score the same units per date against one standardized realized outcome. We show that every standardized forecast splits exactly into a component aligned with this common target and a component uncorrelated with it. Three consequences follow: forecast-error correlation largely mirrors forecast correlation and is therefore a poor measure of diversity; an equally weighted combination beats a no-information forecast only when average alignment is large relative to the combination's dispersion; and the gain from adding a forecaster separates into genuine improvement and mere dilution, which equal-weight admission can mistakenly reward. We develop a cautious selection rule, study it in simulations, and apply it to language-model forecasts of US equity rankings and mechanical signals ranking exchange-traded funds. Selection removes most dilution losses, but no combination beats the no-information forecast.
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References · 5
- 2023A Unified Theory of Diversity in Ensemble Learningcited by 71
- 2024Wisdom of the Silicon Crowd: LLM Ensemble Prediction Capabilities Rival Human Crowd Accuracycited by 67
- 2022Forecast combinations: an over 50-year reviewcited by 34
- 2023Assessing Look-Ahead Bias in Stock Return Predictions Generated By GPT Sentiment Analysiscited by 31
- 2024Beyond forecast leaderboards: Measuring individual model importance based on contribution to ensemble accuracycited by 1
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