A Multi-Timestep LSTM Ensemble regressor for Enhanced Short-Term Runoff Prediction

Accurately forecasting river runoff is key to managing water resources, controlling floods, and planning agriculture. This study examines the Ajichay River in northwest Iran, a major tributary of Lake Urmia that has experienced increasing water-related stress in recent years. We introduce a daily runoff prediction model based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks. The model combines five LSTM units, each trained on different time intervals ranging from 2 to 6 days, to better capture variations in river flow patterns. To improve performance, each model was fine-tuned using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), a population-based optimization algorithm. The proposed approach was evaluated on unseen data from 2017-2018 using R2, RMSE, and MSE as performance metrics. The results showed strong predictive accuracy, with R2 values ranging from 74.95% to 91.42%. In addition, multiple feature-importance methods were applied to identify the most influential variables, providing further insight into the factors that drive runoff variations.