A Multi-Modal Generative Model for Tomato Disease Leaves Understanding

Artificial intelligence for plant disease analysis has advanced from task-specific classifiers to multi-modal models capable of jointly interpreting visual and textual information. However, practical deployment in precision agriculture remains limited because most existing approaches treat disease understanding as isolated prediction tasks, failing to capture the complementary relationships among symptom recognition, severity assessment, and question-driven diagnostic reasoning. In tomato pathology, accurate interpretation of diseased leaves requires more than label prediction; it demands integrating visual symptoms with semantic context to support a comprehensive and explainable understanding. Here, we present SOLAR, a multimodal generative model that understands tomato disease spanning six question-answering tasks. SOLAR learns to align visual features with task-aware language representations by Fusion Expert module based on mixture-of-expert, enabling it to generate contextually relevant answers across diverse diagnostic tasks. By formulating tomato disease analysis as a generative Visual Question Answering (VQA) task, SOLAR provides a flexible framework that supports multi-task inference within a single model while improving performance and cross-task knowledge sharing. We evaluate SOLAR on 41,677 images, including 216,209 Question-Answering (QA) pairs to understand tomato leaf disease under both closed and open-ended QA settings. Experimental results show that SOLAR consistently outperforms state-of-the-art vision-only, vision-language, and task-specific models across all tasks, demonstrating superior accuracy, robustness, and multimodal reasoning. These findings highlight the potential of generative multimodal modeling as an effective direction for understanding of plant disease. The code for this study is available at https://github.com/EnalisUs/SOLAR.