Bias Audits Detect Bias but Disagree on Ranking: Evidence from Ten Instruments and Ten Frontier Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
Emerging AI regulation mandates bias audits of high-risk systems, and audit scores are beginning to be used to rank models. Both uses assume different audit tools measure the same thing well enough to compare. We test that assumption directly, running ten extrinsic audit instruments over a shared panel of ten frontier models through one pooled inference gateway, first on occupational gender bias, then on age and socioeconomic status. Detection succeeds while ranking fails. Eight of ten tools detect bias with confidence intervals clear of zero; two widely cited direct-probe benchmarks are saturated because frontier models now answer neutrally. But cross-tool rank agreement is indistinguishable from chance (Kendall's W=0.07, p=0.83). A positive control with six deliberately weaker models separates two explanations: within-tool reliability recovers once the panel spans real capability gaps, yet cross-tool ranking never recovers, which points to the tools measuring different constructs rather than one construct noisily. Even the direction of bias splits by audit format: forced-choice decision tools mostly over-correct (toward women, and toward working-class candidates in 273 of 278 hiring decisions), while free generation and default coreference stay stereotype-congruent. The pattern replicates on socioeconomic status; an apparent ranking agreement on age dissolves under the paper's own tool-inclusion rules. The practical message: a single audit can detect bias and estimate its direction within its own operationalization, but no single audit supports ranking one model against another. All raw responses, code, and the analysis that recomputes every reported number from source are available at https://github.com/williamguey/bias-audit-agreement.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 14 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Jul 2026.
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References · 11
- 2020Language (Technology) is Power: A Critical Survey of "Bias" in NLPcited by 956
- 2020StereoSet: Measuring stereotypical bias in pretrained language modelscited by 924
- 2023Whose Opinions Do Language Models Reflect?cited by 773
- 2020CrowS-Pairs: A Challenge Dataset for Measuring Social Biases in Masked Language Modelscited by 710
- 2021BBQ: A Hand-Built Bias Benchmark for Question Answeringcited by 701
- 2018Gender Bias in Coreference Resolution: Evaluation and Debiasing Methodscited by 659
- 2021BOLD: Dataset and Metrics for Measuring Biases in Open-Ended Language Generationcited by 412
- 2023Marked Personas: Using Natural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Modelscited by 207
- 2023"Kelly is a Warm Person, Joseph is a Role Model": Gender Biases in LLM-Generated Reference Letterscited by 199
- 2023Evaluating and Mitigating Discrimination in Language Model Decisionscited by 124
- 2023BiasAsker: Measuring the Bias in Conversational AI Systemcited by 53
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