Inter-Rater Reliability of LLM and Rule-Based Annotation for Inferential Narrative Features: Three Studies on a Turkish Corpus
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Datasets that ship automatically generated feature annotations invite a question rarely asked of them: would a human agree with those labels? This report answers that for the Objective Projection corpus, a Turkish narrative dataset whose scenes carry a per-scene appliedrules field from a rule-based detector over six craft features -- two prohibitions (emotion labelling, simile) and four positive techniques (materialized metaphor, micro-focus, temporal anchor, atmosphere contradiction). Three studies are reported. Study 1 (n = 120) scores the detector against blind labels from the scheme's own author. Study 2 (n = 100, a disjoint scene set) scores the detector plus Gemini 2.5 Flash and Grok against an independent non-expert rater whose labels were locked before any machine ran. Study 2b re-runs the identical protocol with Claude Fable 5 (High) and ChatGPT 5.5. The central result concerns one rule. On materialized metaphor -- closest to the methodology's theoretical core -- the five machine labellers returned positive rates of 0, 1, 40, 72 and 78 out of 100 scenes, against a human count of 9. Cohen's kappa was at or indistinguishable from chance for five of six labellers, across both human references and both scene sets: 0.004, 0.015, 0.000, 0.019, 0.027. Raw agreement ranged from 74.7% to 84.5%, an artefact of class imbalance rather than a sign of competence. We deliberately do not resolve this into a single story. Two readings survive: the feature is genuinely inferential and beyond current automatic detection, or the rule's definition is not yet operational enough for any rater to apply consistently -- including the human. Distinguishing them needs a second independent human rater, which this report does not have and therefore does not claim.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 3 of its 18 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Sep 2026.
Builds on
3 of 18 references.
References · 3
Built on by
Not cited yet.