SIFPBPNet: A Dual-Path Network for Wearable and Cuffless Blood Pressure Estimation via Individualized Steady-state Representation

Continuous and cuffless blood pressure (BP) monitoring using photoplethysmography (PPG) is of great interest for low-cost and personalized cardiovascular health management. However, significant population heterogeneity and the "one-to-many mapping" problem, where similar waveforms across individuals correspond to different BP levels, limit the accuracy of conventional population-based models. To address this challenge, we propose a dual-path architecture termed SIFPBPNet, which separately represents steady-state and instantaneous features, through a Steady-state Feature Path (SFP) and an Instantaneous Feature Path (IFP). The SFP employs a Graph Attention Network (GAT) to extract individual-specific and long-term characteristics from multi-day historical PPG trajectories. In parallel, the IFP captures short-term dynamics from current PPG segments and incorporates the steady-state prior via a cross-attention mechanism. Experiments on a large-scale wearable dataset demonstrate that SIFPBPNet achieves a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 8.57 and 5.97 mmHg for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively, outperforming state-of-the-art models. Furthermore, the SFP module consistently improves performance when integrated into various backbone architectures, yielding 2.8-13.1% relative MAE reductions for systolic BP. These results highlight the strong generalizability and plug-and-play transferability of the SFP module, underscoring its great potential for accurate cuffless BP monitoring.