mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Prompt Revision as a Source of Cultural Bias in Text-to-Image Systems

arXiv 2609.11532 ↗First posted 10 Sep 2026cs.AIcited by 1

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Abstract (arXiv)

Commercial text-to-image systems silently revise user prompts before generating images, a step users typically cannot disable or even see. Yet, existing audits of cultural bias examine only the final images and treat generation as a single pipeline, so they cannot tell where the bias originates. We introduce WORLDVIEW, a multilingual benchmark of 8,960 prompts across 15 languages and 31 language-context pairings. Using it, we audit the revision layer in three systems (DALL-E-3, Imagen-4, GPT-Image-1.5) through a three-step analysis of how heavily it marks each cultural context, whether it flattens that context into a narrow vocabulary, and whether that vocabulary is stereotypical. Relative to a no-context English baseline, the US is the least-marked context, while non-Western and non-Anglophone contexts are marked far more heavily, flattened into narrow vocabularies applied across topically diverse prompts, and reduced to recognizable cultural stereotypes. Comparing images from original versus revised prompts on models without a revision layer, we identify the layer itself as a previously undocumented, causal source of this stereotyping. To locate cultural bias, and fix it, we must audit the system as deployed, not the model alone.

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 17 of its 49 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Sep 2026.

Builds on

17 of 49 references.

References · 17

  1. 2022Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understandingcited by 6,355
  2. 2024SDXL-Lightning: Progressive Adversarial Diffusion Distillationcited by 266
  3. 2023Stable Bias: Analyzing Societal Representations in Diffusion Modelscited by 226
  4. 2023Marked Personas: Using Natural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Modelscited by 207
  5. 2023Social Biases through the Text-to-Image Generation Lenscited by 127
  6. 2024Benchmarking Vision Language Models for Cultural Understandingcited by 101
  7. 2024Survey of Bias In Text-to-Image Generation: Definition, Evaluation, and Mitigationcited by 66
  8. 2023AI's Regimes of Representation: A Community-centered Study of Text-to-Image Models in South Asiacited by 54
  9. 2025Tower+: Bridging Generality and Translation Specialization in Multilingual LLMscited by 40
  10. 2022Measuring Representational Harms in Image Captioningcited by 36
  11. 2023'Person' == Light-skinned, Western Man, and Sexualization of Women of Color: Stereotypes in Stable Diffusioncited by 33
  12. 2024ViSAGe: A Global-Scale Analysis of Visual Stereotypes in Text-to-Image Generationcited by 27
5 more
  1. 2024Do Generative AI Models Output Harm while Representing Non-Western Cultures: Evidence from A Community-Centered Approachcited by 26
  2. 2024FoodieQA: A Multimodal Dataset for Fine-Grained Understanding of Chinese Food Culturecited by 25
  3. 2025CulturalFrames: Assessing Cultural Expectation Alignment in Text-to-Image Models and Evaluation Metricscited by 15
  4. 2025Diffusion Models Through a Global Lens: Are They Culturally Inclusive?cited by 14
  5. 2024"I don't see myself represented here at all": User Experiences of Stable Diffusion Outputs Containing Representational Harms across Gender Identities and Nationalitiescited by 9

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