Phi-Bench: Can Large Language Models Engineer the Infrastructure That Powers Them?

Large language models (LLMs) now show strong reasoning and coding abilities, raising the prospect that they could assist in developing and optimizing the very infrastructure that powers them. Existing benchmarks, however, mainly focus on isolated kernels, predefined operators, or pre-specified optimization targets, and cannot evaluate open-ended, long-horizon LLM infrastructure engineering. To address this gap, we present Phi-Bench, a benchmark of 85 tasks grounded in real LLM training and inference codebases. The tasks cover nine categories of LLM infrastructure and come in three formats, ranging from kernel function completion to long-horizon implementation and repository-wide end-to-end optimization. They are built by a construction pipeline that turns real pull requests, issues, and repository code into executable tasks with validated tests, and every reward is gated by correctness and anti-hacking checks. Across eight frontier models, the strongest model, Claude Opus 5, scores only 36.53%, and every model performs worse on long-horizon, repository-level implementation than on kernel-level tasks. Trajectory analysis further suggests that stronger models treat optimization as controlled experimentation, validating ideas with cheap local runs and ruling out confounders before drawing conclusions. We will open-source Phi-Bench to facilitate future research on LLM agents' ability to develop and optimize the LLM infrastructure that powers themselves.