Enoki: Efficient Multi-Level Hallucination Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
Ensuring factuality remains a critical challenge for deploying LLMs in high-stakes settings. Existing hallucination detectors usually operate at a single level: claim-level methods provide interpretable factual units, while span-level methods localize unsupported text. Bridging these views is costly, as LLM-heavy pipelines require multiple decomposition and verification calls, and modular systems need additional claim-to-span alignment. We propose Enoki, an Open Information Extraction framework for multi-level hallucination detection. Enoki extracts text-anchored relational facts, verifies them against evidence, and projects unsupported facts back to hallucinated spans. This shared representation enables claim-level verification and span-level localization without requiring separate alignment. Enoki supports LLM-based, encoder-based, and rule-based extraction regimes, balancing accuracy and inference cost through a common interface. Experiments show that Enoki remains competitive with strong claim-level systems while using fewer resources and achieves superior performance on fine-grained span- and entity-level localization. We also release EnokiQA, a dual-granularity dataset with aligned claim-level verification and span-level localization annotations.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Sep 2026.
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References · 19
- 2020End-to-End Object Detection with Transformerscited by 7,384
- 2023Self-RAG: Learning to Retrieve, Generate, and Critique through Self-Reflectioncited by 1,800
- 2023FActScore: Fine-grained Atomic Evaluation of Factual Precision in Long Form Text Generationcited by 1,259
- 2024Smarter, Better, Faster, Longer: A Modern Bidirectional Encoder for Fast, Memory Efficient, and Long Context Finetuning and Inferencecited by 527
- 2023RAGTruth: A Hallucination Corpus for Developing Trustworthy Retrieval-Augmented Language Modelscited by 272
- 2024Fine-grained Hallucination Detection and Editing for Language Modelscited by 146
- 2021A Token-level Reference-free Hallucination Detection Benchmark for Free-form Text Generationcited by 137
- 2024VERISCORE: Evaluating the factuality of verifiable claims in long-form text generationcited by 114
- 2023Factcheck-Bench: Fine-Grained Evaluation Benchmark for Automatic Fact-checkerscited by 86
- 2018Neural Open Information Extractioncited by 50
- 2020IMoJIE: Iterative Memory-Based Joint Open Information Extractioncited by 34
- 2025LettuceDetect: A Hallucination Detection Framework for RAG Applicationscited by 32
7 more
- 2025SemEval-2025 Task 3: Mu-SHROOM, the Multilingual Shared Task on Hallucinations and Related Observable Overgeneration Mistakescited by 27
- 2022F-coref: Fast, Accurate and Easy to Use Coreference Resolutioncited by 23
- 2021LSOIE: A Large-Scale Dataset for Supervised Open Information Extractioncited by 15
- 2025HalluEntity: Benchmarking and Understanding Entity-Level Hallucination Detectioncited by 13
- 2025When Models Lie, We Learn: Multilingual Span-Level Hallucination Detection with PsiloQAcited by 13
- 2018Graphene: Semantically-Linked Propositions in Open Information Extractioncited by 8
- 2022A Survey on Open Information Extraction from Rule-based Model to Large Language Modelcited by 8
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