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Enoki: Efficient Multi-Level Hallucination Detection

arXiv 2609.00581 ↗First posted 1 Sep 2026cs.CLcited by 0

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Abstract (arXiv)

Ensuring factuality remains a critical challenge for deploying LLMs in high-stakes settings. Existing hallucination detectors usually operate at a single level: claim-level methods provide interpretable factual units, while span-level methods localize unsupported text. Bridging these views is costly, as LLM-heavy pipelines require multiple decomposition and verification calls, and modular systems need additional claim-to-span alignment. We propose Enoki, an Open Information Extraction framework for multi-level hallucination detection. Enoki extracts text-anchored relational facts, verifies them against evidence, and projects unsupported facts back to hallucinated spans. This shared representation enables claim-level verification and span-level localization without requiring separate alignment. Enoki supports LLM-based, encoder-based, and rule-based extraction regimes, balancing accuracy and inference cost through a common interface. Experiments show that Enoki remains competitive with strong claim-level systems while using fewer resources and achieves superior performance on fine-grained span- and entity-level localization. We also release EnokiQA, a dual-granularity dataset with aligned claim-level verification and span-level localization annotations.

Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Sep 2026.

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References · 19

  1. 2020End-to-End Object Detection with Transformerscited by 7,384
  2. 2023Self-RAG: Learning to Retrieve, Generate, and Critique through Self-Reflectioncited by 1,800
  3. 2023FActScore: Fine-grained Atomic Evaluation of Factual Precision in Long Form Text Generationcited by 1,259
  4. 2024Smarter, Better, Faster, Longer: A Modern Bidirectional Encoder for Fast, Memory Efficient, and Long Context Finetuning and Inferencecited by 527
  5. 2023RAGTruth: A Hallucination Corpus for Developing Trustworthy Retrieval-Augmented Language Modelscited by 272
  6. 2024Fine-grained Hallucination Detection and Editing for Language Modelscited by 146
  7. 2021A Token-level Reference-free Hallucination Detection Benchmark for Free-form Text Generationcited by 137
  8. 2024VERISCORE: Evaluating the factuality of verifiable claims in long-form text generationcited by 114
  9. 2023Factcheck-Bench: Fine-Grained Evaluation Benchmark for Automatic Fact-checkerscited by 86
  10. 2018Neural Open Information Extractioncited by 50
  11. 2020IMoJIE: Iterative Memory-Based Joint Open Information Extractioncited by 34
  12. 2025LettuceDetect: A Hallucination Detection Framework for RAG Applicationscited by 32
7 more
  1. 2025SemEval-2025 Task 3: Mu-SHROOM, the Multilingual Shared Task on Hallucinations and Related Observable Overgeneration Mistakescited by 27
  2. 2022F-coref: Fast, Accurate and Easy to Use Coreference Resolutioncited by 23
  3. 2021LSOIE: A Large-Scale Dataset for Supervised Open Information Extractioncited by 15
  4. 2025HalluEntity: Benchmarking and Understanding Entity-Level Hallucination Detectioncited by 13
  5. 2025When Models Lie, We Learn: Multilingual Span-Level Hallucination Detection with PsiloQAcited by 13
  6. 2018Graphene: Semantically-Linked Propositions in Open Information Extractioncited by 8
  7. 2022A Survey on Open Information Extraction from Rule-based Model to Large Language Modelcited by 8

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