DySCo: Dynamically consistent data-driven downscaling of extremes in climate projections

Regional climate risk assessment is critical for applications such as infrastructure design, disaster forecasting, and insurance resource allocation. However, estimating regional (i.e., high-spatial-resolution) risk with global climate models (GCMs) remains computationally prohibitive, which has driven the development of downscaling methods for coarse GCM outputs. Downscaling is vital for rare events, since quantifying their extreme properties requires high spatial resolution and very long GCM simulations. These methods non-intrusively increase GCM resolution while correcting statistical biases from unresolved fine-scale processes, thereby improving the accuracy of extreme event statistics with long return periods. A key challenge is preserving dynamical consistency, as freely evolving GCM trajectories are not expected to track the observational dataset used for training the correction operator. This is critical for causal extreme event analyses, where storyline-based risk assessment, i.e., extreme event catalogs, is necessary for effective planning. We address this challenge by introducing Dynamically and Statistically Consistent downscaling (DySCo), a non-intrusive framework yielding high-resolution climate projections consistent with coarse GCM dynamics. DySCo relies on a data-driven reformulation of nudging to create dynamically paired training trajectories without intrusive GCM modifications. Using these paired trajectories, we train a dynamically and statistically consistent, two-stage operator. We evaluate the method by downscaling the Community Earth System Model v2 Large Ensemble (LENS2) in time and space towards historical reanalysis. Results show DySCo achieves superior dynamical consistency with the coarse GCM trajectories, essentially applying a minimal, causal correction to the GCM, preserving top statistical performance comparable to state-of-the-art unsupervised models.