A Probe Direction Is a Property of Its Prompt
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Abstract (arXiv)
A model that behaves differently when it senses it is being tested would undermine the evaluations we rely on, so recent work has sought to read that sense directly from a model's activations. The standard instrument contrasts activations on prompts that announce an evaluation against prompts that do not, and reports how well the resulting direction separates held-out cases. That number is then compared across models and correlated with scale. We observe that the instrument has a free parameter its readings do not disclose: "a prompt that announces an evaluation" is not a prompt but a choice among many, and nothing in the method fixes which. Holding the task text fixed and varying only that choice, we find that the reported score, and even the direction in which it trends with model size, follows the prompt rather than the model; two published studies that disagree about the sign of that trend are both reproducible from a single design, by choice of prompt alone. Treating the prompt as a facet of a measurement design rather than an implementation detail, we find the model under study accounts for a small share of the variance in the number reported about it, and most of the rest lies in how each model responds to each prompt: collecting more evaluation items cannot repair the measurement, while varying prompts can. A further check finds that the split these probes are scored on is largely separable from surface form alone, so a direction carrying no information about evaluation at all still reproduces a substantial fraction of each published score. We conclude that a single-prompt design cannot support comparison between models, and we give the number of prompts a defensible comparison requires.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Aug 2026.
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References · 26
- 2016Understanding intermediate layers using linear classifier probescited by 1,353
- 2023Representation Engineering: A Top-Down Approach to AI Transparencycited by 1,336
- 2023Inference-Time Intervention: Eliciting Truthful Answers from a Language Modelcited by 1,302
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- 2019Designing and Interpreting Probes with Control Taskscited by 640
- 2024Alignment faking in large language modelscited by 360
- 2024Frontier Models are Capable of In-context Schemingcited by 287
14 more
- 2020Information-Theoretic Probing with Minimum Description Lengthcited by 232
- 2020Information-Theoretic Probing for Linguistic Structurecited by 207
- 2021Accounting for Variance in Machine Learning Benchmarkscited by 201
- 2019Show Your Work: Improved Reporting of Experimental Resultscited by 169
- 2020Probing the Probing Paradigm: Does Probing Accuracy Entail Task Relevance?cited by 151
- 2024AI Sandbagging: Language Models can Strategically Underperform on Evaluationscited by 145
- 2020With Little Power Comes Great Responsibilitycited by 142
- 2025Large Language Models Often Know When They Are Being Evaluatedcited by 128
- 2024Me, Myself, and AI: The Situational Awareness Dataset (SAD) for LLMscited by 84
- 2017Reporting Score Distributions Makes a Difference: Performance Study of LSTM-networks for Sequence Taggingcited by 73
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- 2025The Hawthorne Effect in Reasoning Models: Evaluating and Steering Test Awarenesscited by 30
- 2025Evaluation Awareness Scales Predictably in Open-Weights Large Language Modelscited by 14
- 2026Representational Depth of Evaluation Awareness Shifts With Scale in Open-Weight Language Modelscited by 1
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