Measuring the Wrong Thing: Internal Harmfulness Scores Anti-Rank Successful Jailbreaks
On the map: LLM safety and security → Jailbreaking
Abstract (arXiv)
Internal safety scores judge a prompt before any text is generated, and they are validated by how well they separate harmful prompts from benign ones. That separation is then read as evidence that the score will also catch the attacks that succeed. Harmful intent is a property of the prompt. Jailbreak success is an outcome produced later by a particular target model, decoding policy, and judge. A filter tuned on a score that measures the wrong quantity spends its false positive budget on attacks that would have failed anyway. In this paper we audit that inference. Attention based measurements are usually read from prompt dependent locations, so a wrapper changes both the content being judged and the place the signal is taken from. We therefore introduce Active Attention Probing, which supplies a fixed content independent measurement coordinate. We pair every base goal with a plain and a wrapped version and generate real completions from the target models. On Llama, wrapping raises harmful generation from 0.05 to 0.27 while harmful intent AUROC falls from 0.936 to 0.803, so the attacks grow more dangerous while the prompts look safer to the score. Among wrapped harmful prompts the outcome AUROC is 0.220, which places the attacks that succeeded below the attacks that failed. Rare token, passive, and detector derived channels reproduce the reversal on the same matched design, and the reversal itself persists across three target models, seven attack families, and two independent judges. Distribution shift then degrades calibration and threshold transfer before it degrades ranking.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Jailbreaking, one of 12 directions in LLM safety and security. Builds on 34 of its 40 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Aug 2026.
Builds on
34 of 40 references.
Closest ancestors · 19
Same direction, newest first
- 2026Robust Harmful Features Under Jailbreak Attacks: Mechanistic Evidence from Attention Head Specialization in Large Language Models26 Jun
- 2025AttentionDefense: Leveraging System Prompt Attention for Explainable Defense Against Novel Jailbreaks10 Apr
- 2024Best-of-N Jailbreaking4 Dec
- 2024What Features in Prompts Jailbreak LLMs? Investigating the Mechanisms Behind Attacks2 Nov
- 2024AttnGCG: Enhancing Jailbreaking Attacks on LLMs with Attention Manipulation11 Oct
- 2024AutoDAN-Turbo: A Lifelong Agent for Strategy Self-Exploration to Jailbreak LLMs3 Oct
- 2024WildTeaming at Scale: From In-the-Wild Jailbreaks to (Adversarially) Safer Language Models26 Jun
- 2024Towards Understanding Jailbreak Attacks in LLMs: A Representation Space Analysis16 Jun
- 2024Understanding Jailbreak Success: A Study of Latent Space Dynamics in Large Language Models13 Jun
- 2024JailbreakBench: An Open Robustness Benchmark for Jailbreaking Large Language Models28 Mar
- 2024GradSafe: Detecting Jailbreak Prompts for LLMs via Safety-Critical Gradient Analysis21 Feb
- 2024A StrongREJECT for Empty Jailbreaks15 Feb
7 more
- 2023JailGuard: A Universal Detection Framework for LLM Prompt-based Attacks17 Dec
- 2023Tree of Attacks: Jailbreaking Black-Box LLMs Automatically4 Dec
- 2023Jailbreaking Black Box Large Language Models in Twenty Queries12 Oct
- 2023AutoDAN: Generating Stealthy Jailbreak Prompts on Aligned Large Language Models3 Oct
- 2023Detecting Language Model Attacks with Perplexity27 Aug
- 2023"Do Anything Now": Characterizing and Evaluating In-The-Wild Jailbreak Prompts on Large Language Models7 Aug
- 2023Universal and Transferable Adversarial Attacks on Aligned Language Models27 Jul
Other references · 15
- 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
- 2021Prefix-Tuning: Optimizing Continuous Prompts for Generationcited by 3,915
- 2021The Power of Scale for Parameter-Efficient Prompt Tuningcited by 3,795
- 2018A Simple Unified Framework for Detecting Out-of-Distribution Samples and Adversarial Attackscited by 1,485
- 2024HarmBench: A Standardized Evaluation Framework for Automated Red Teaming and Robust Refusalcited by 1,429
- 2023Representation Engineering: A Top-Down Approach to AI Transparencycited by 1,336
- 2023Llama Guard: LLM-based Input-Output Safeguard for Human-AI Conversationscited by 1,207
- 2024Refusal in Language Models Is Mediated by a Single Directioncited by 1,032
- 2023BeaverTails: Towards Improved Safety Alignment of LLM via a Human-Preference Datasetcited by 860
- 2021A Gentle Introduction to Conformal Prediction and Distribution-Free Uncertainty Quantificationcited by 792
- 2019Designing and Interpreting Probes with Control Taskscited by 640
- 2024Attention Tracker: Detecting Prompt Injection Attacks in LLMscited by 95
3 more
- 2025HiddenDetect: Detecting Jailbreak Attacks against Large Vision-Language Models via Monitoring Hidden Statescited by 33
- 2026When Benchmarks Lie: Evaluating Malicious Prompt Classifiers Under True Distribution Shiftcited by 11
- 2026I Can't Believe It's Not Robust: Catastrophic Collapse of Safety Classifiers under Embedding Driftcited by 3
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- 2025JADES: A Universal Framework for Jailbreak Assessment via Decompositional Scoring
- 2024Rethinking How to Evaluate Language Model Jailbreak
- 2025Cannot See the Forest for the Trees: Invoking Heuristics and Biases to Elicit Irrational Choices of LLMs
- 2025SAID: Safety-Aware Intent Defense via Prefix Probing for Large Language Models
- 2026Expected Harm: Rethinking Safety Evaluation of (Mis)Aligned LLMs
- 2025Jailbreaking in the Haystack
- 2026Which Image Property Carries the Jailbreak? A Controlled Dissection of Image-to-Text Jailbreaks
- 2026Same Outcome, Different Evidence: Intent Recovery in LLM Safety Evaluation