Do Static Embeddings Add Value to Hybrid Dutch Retrieval?
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Embedding benchmarks measure standalone model quality, but they do not establish whether a low-cost retriever contributes complementary ranking information once lexical and transformer-based retrieval are already combined. We present a controlled evaluation of this question across Dutch retrieval tasks from the Massive Text Embedding Benchmark for Dutch (MTEB-NL). Weighted reciprocal rank fusion (RRF) combines Best Matching 25 (BM25), Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-0.6B (Qwen), and two multilingual static embedding models. Five datasets comprising 14,500 queries and 786,573 documents are scored exhaustively, and fusion weights are searched on a simplex in increments of 0.1. Ten-fold query-level cross-validation selects weights on nine folds and evaluates them on the held-out fold; paired bootstrap confidence intervals and sign-randomisation tests quantify the resulting differences. Fusion improves over the training-selected individual retriever by 0.061 mean reciprocal rank (MRR) on Dutch News, 0.029 on VABB, 0.004 on WebFAQ NL, and 0.025 on Wikipedia NL, while matching BM25 on Open Tender. All four positive differences remain distinguishable from zero after Holm correction. No unrestricted fold assigns positive weight to either static retriever: all 50 selections lie on the BM25-Qwen edge, and forcing a static contribution reduces effectiveness. Leave-one-dataset-out selection chooses equal BM25-Qwen weighting in every iteration and outperforms the cross-domain-selected individual retriever on every held-out task. The results support a two-retriever lexical-transformer architecture as a robust tested default across the evaluated Dutch tasks and show that standalone benchmark performance is insufficient to establish marginal value in hybrid retrieval.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 13 Oct 2026). Builds on 5 of its 16 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Aug 2026.
Builds on
5 of 16 references.
References · 5
- 2025Qwen3 Embedding: Advancing Text Embedding and Reranking Through Foundation Modelscited by 1,222
- 2022MTEB: Massive Text Embedding Benchmarkcited by 630
- 2020Leveraging Semantic and Lexical Matching to Improve the Recall of Document Retrieval Systems: A Hybrid Approachcited by 31
- 2024BEIR-NL: Zero-shot Information Retrieval Benchmark for the Dutch Languagecited by 6
- 2025MTEB-NL and E5-NL: Embedding Benchmark and Models for Dutchcited by 5
Built on by
Not cited yet.