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Geopolitical alignment: Endorsement effects in large language models

arXiv 2607.09262 ↗First posted 10 Jul 2026cs.CY cs.AIcited by 0

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to summarize and evaluate policy-relevant information, but it remains unclear whether their judgments are implicitly shaped by geopolitical cues. I study this question with an endorsement experiment in which four LLMs evaluate the same international economic and security policies after each policy is randomly described as supported by the United States, the European Union, China, or Russia. In the numeric-only condition, GPT-5, Claude Sonnet, and Gemini rate China- and Russia-endorsed policies substantially lower than identical policies endorsed by the United States or the European Union; DeepSeek is the main exception. A second condition asks models to provide a short justification with the score. This request leaves the broad Western/non-Western gap intact for GPT-5 and Claude Sonnet, attenuates Gemini's penalties, and sharply activates China and Russia penalties in DeepSeek. The justifications indicate that Western endorsement is often treated as a credibility cue, whereas Chinese and Russian endorsement is treated as a cue for data security, sovereignty, surveillance, or geopolitical risk. These findings show that LLM policy evaluations can depend on the identity of a foreign endorser even when policy content is held fixed.

Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 26 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Jul 2026.

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References · 15

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  1. 2023Cultural Bias and Cultural Alignment of Large Language Modelscited by 149
  2. 2022Probing Pre-Trained Language Models for Cross-Cultural Differences in Valuescited by 147
  3. 2023DICES Dataset: Diversity in Conversational AI Evaluation for Safetycited by 86

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